The degree to which a mixed researcher combines qualitative and quantitative approaches to have non overlapping weaknesses is called weakness minimization legitimation
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True
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The ability to generalize across variations of the treatment is called _____
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Treatment variation validity
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The participants in one treatment condition are exposed to all or some of the other treatment condition is called _____
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Treatment diffusion
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A confounding extraneous variable is called
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Third variable
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A validation approach using multiple investigators, methods, data sources, and/or theoretical perspectives in the search for convergence of results is called triangulation
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True
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The degree to which a theoretical explanation fits the data is called
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Theoretical
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Generalizing a theory or explanation or process beyond the people and situation in which it was originally developed is theoretical generalization
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True
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Which refers to the measurement of variables?
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Testing
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The extent to which the study results can be generalized across time is called
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Temporal
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The larger population to whom the study results are to be generalized is target population
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True
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The ability to infer that the independent and dependent variables are related in the larger population of interest and the strength of that relationship is _____ conclusion validity
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Statistical
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A synonym for multiple stakeholder legitimation is _____ legitimation
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Socio political
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The degree to which a mixed researcher appropriately addresses and/or builds on effects or findings from earlier qualitative and quantitative phases is _____ legitimation
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Sequential
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Occurs when groups react to the pretest differently, obscuring the treatment effect is called
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Selection testing effect
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Occurs when groups regress to the mean in a different way, obscuring the treatment effect
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Selection regression effect
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Occurs when comparison groups mature at different rates, obscuring the treatment effect is known as
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Selection maturation effect
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Occurs when groups react differently to changes in instrumentation, obscuring the treatment effect is called
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Selection instrumentation effect
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Occurs when an event taking place between the pretest and posttest differentially affects the comparison groups is called
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Selection history effect
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The degree to which a mixed researcher makes appropriate conclusions, generalizations, and meta-inferences from mixed samples is sample integration legitimation
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True
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Making sure that other explanations of your conclusion are not better than the explanation you are using ruling out alternative explanations
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True
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Selecting and interpreting results consistent with what the researcher wants to find is called
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Researcher bias
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A metaphor applied to the researcher who is searching for cause and effect is researcher as detective
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True
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The correctness or truthfulness of an inference that is made from the results of a study is called
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Researcher validity
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In which research consistency, stability, or repeatability of the results of a study?
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Researcher reliability
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The idea that the more times a research finding is shown to be true with different sets of people, the more confidence we can place in the finding and in generalizing beyond the original participants is called replication logic
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Correct Answer:
True
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The tendency of very high pretest scores to become lower and very low pretest scores to become higher on posttesting is called regression artifact
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Correct Answer:
True
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Self-reflection by the researcher on his or her assumptions, biases, predispositions, and actions, and their impact on the research situation and evolving interpretations is called _____
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Correct Answer:
Reflexivity
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Changes that occur in people because they know they are being observed; an alteration in performance that occurs as a result of being aware of participating in a study is called _____
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Reactivity
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The extent to which the research purpose was met, research problem “solved,” research questions sufficiently answered, and actionable results provided is called
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Pragmatic legitimation
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The ability to generalize the study results to individuals who were not included in the study is called
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Population validity
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Discussing one’s interpretations and conclusions with one’s peers or colleagues is called
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Peer review
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Predicting a pattern of results and determining whether the actual results fit the predicted pattern is _____ matching
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Pattern
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A synonym for member checking is _____ feedback
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Participant
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The degree to which the mixed researcher clearly explains his or her philosophical beliefs about research is called
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The ability to generalize across different but related dependent variables is called
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Outcome validity
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Identifying a specific instrument to empirically measure the construct is called operationalizing a construct.
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True
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Measurement of the dependent variable at the pretest, followed by administration of the experimental treatment, followed by posttest measurement using the same measure of the dependent variable Is called one group pretest -posttest design
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One group pretest posttest design
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The standard view of causation in science; refers to causation among variables at a general level of analysis and understanding is called nomothetic causation
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True
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Selecting cases that are expected to disconfirm the researcher’s expectations and generalizations is called
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Negative case sampling
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Generalizing on the basis of similarity by the reader of the _____ rather than by the original researcher is called naturalistic generalization
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Research report
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The extent to which all of the pertinent validities (quantitative, qualitative, and mixed) are addressed and resolved successfully is called single validities legitimation
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False
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The use of multiple theories, disciplines, and perspectives to interpret and explain the data is called multiple theoretical perspectives
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True
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The degree to which a mixed researcher addresses the interests, values, and viewpoints of multiple stakeholders in the research process; it is a synonym for sociopolitical legitimation is called multiple stakeholder legitimation
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True
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The use of multiple research and data collection methods is called
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Multiple methods
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The use of multiple researchers and observers in collecting and interpreting the data is called
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Multiple investigators
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The use of multiple sources of data within a single research or data-collection method is called
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Multiple data sources
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_____ group research design that includes more than one group of participants
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Multiple
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An inference or conclusion that builds on or integrates quantitative and qualitative findings is _____ inference
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Meta
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Discussion of the researcher’s conclusions with the study participants to determine their accuracy according to the members’ perspectives is _____ checking
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Member
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Any physical or mental change that occurs over time that affects performance on the dependent variable is called
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Maturation
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A description that is phrased very similarly to the participants’ accounts and the researchers’ field notes is low inference descriptors
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True
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Accurately portraying the participants’ perspectives and meanings, and providing the insider’s viewpoint is called
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Interpretive validity
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Which validity is to infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables?
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Internal
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The degree to which the researcher achieved integration of quantitative and qualitative data, analysis, and conclusions is called
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Integrative legitimation
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Any change that occurs in the way the dependent variable is measured is known as
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Instrumentation
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A synonym for emic-etic legitimation is inside outside legitimation
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True
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Local, singular, particularistic causes, including intentions, specific or local attitudes, conditions, contexts, and events is idiographic causation
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Correct Answer:
True
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Any event, other than a planned treatment event, that occurs between the pretest and posttest measurement of the dependent variable and influences the post measurement of the dependent variable is called
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History
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The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variations is called
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Generalizing validity
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Applying a finding based on a research study sample (e.g., a sample average or correlation) to the target population is generalizing to a population
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Correct Answer:
True
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Applying a finding based on a research study sample (e.g., a sample average or correlation) to all subgroups in the target population is generalizing across sub populations
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True
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A variable that may compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome is called
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Extraneous
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The extent to which the study results can be generalized to and across populations of persons, settings, times, outcomes, and treatment variation is called _____ validity
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External
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Collecting data in the field over an extended period of time is _____ fieldwork
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Extended
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The extent to which the researcher accurately understands, uses, and presents the participants’ subjective insider or “native” views is emic etic legitimation
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True
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A measure of the strength or magnitude of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables is effect size indicator
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True
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The ability to generalize the study results across settings is called
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Ecological validity
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Selecting participants who have different characteristics for the various treatment groups; it produces “nonequivalent groups” is called
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Differential selection
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A differential loss of participants from the various comparison groups that causes the groups to become nonequivalent, and obscures the treatment effect is called
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Differential attrition
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The factual accuracy of an account as reported by the researcher is called
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Descriptive validity
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A person whom you trust to be open, honest, and constructively critical of your work is _____ friend
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Critical
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The degree to which quantitizing or qualitizing yields high-quality meta-inferences is _____ legitimation
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Conversion
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Which validity is extent to which a higher-order construct is accurately operationalized and measured in a particular study?
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Correct Answer:
Construct validity
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An extraneous variable that was not controlled for and is the reason a particular “confounded” result is observed is confounding variable
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Correct Answer:
True
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The degree to which a mixed researcher can make Gestalt switches between the lenses of a qualitative researcher and a quantitative researcher is commensurability approximation legitimation
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Correct Answer:
True
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The ability to infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables; it’s a synonym for internal validity is called
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Correct Answer:
Causation validity
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_____ for showing causation in local events including complex causal sequences and processes is called causal process tracing is called causal process tracing
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Correct Answer:
Qualitative approach
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Explaining the mechanisms through which and the conditions under which a causal relationship holds is called
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Causal explanation
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Describing the consequences of manipulating an independent variable is called
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Correct Answer:
Causal description
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Loss of people who do not complete the _____ is called attrition
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Experiment
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The inability to specify which variable is the cause and which is the effect is known as ambiguous temporal precedence
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True
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When two or more basic threats to internal validity combine to produce a more _____ is called additive and interactive effects
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Complex bias
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When we say that an experiment is internally valid, we mean that we can confidently state that the observed changes in the dependent variable resulted from the manipulation of the independent variable(s) and nothing else.
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Correct Answer:
True
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The use of multiple sources of data, multiple investigators, and multiple methods of data collection promotes research validity in qualitative studies.
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Correct Answer:
True
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When the results of a study can be generalized across different but related dependent variables, the study has treatment variation validity.
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False
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The basic (nondifferential) history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and regression artifacts threats are problematic for one-group pretest–posttest and two-group experimental designs.
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Correct Answer:
False
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Any variable besides the independent variable that can influence how participants perform on the dependent variable is called an extraneous or confounding variable.
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Correct Answer:
True
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In mixed research, the degree to which quantitizing or qualitizing yields high-quality meta-inferences is known as ______.
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Correct Answer:
Conversion validity
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Which of the following is NOT one of the types of validity in mixed research?
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Correct Answer:
Investigator validity
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Which of the following is NOT a strategy used to promote qualitative research validity?
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Correct Answer:
Manipulation
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What type of validity in qualitative research focuses on accurately understanding and portraying participants’ worldviews and meanings?
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Correct Answer:
Interpretative
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Dr. Janice Doe was investigating the benefit of a parent training program on reducing the number of violent acts committed by teenage children and found that the training program reduced the frequency of violent acts emitted by the children of the parents who participated in the training program. This identified relationship is an example of ______.
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Correct Answer:
Causal description
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The threats of differential selection, differential attrition, selection-history, and selection-maturation are problematic for which of the following design(s)?
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Correct Answer:
The two-group experimental design
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In an experiment on the effects of massed versus distributed practice on learning, introductory educational psychology students who volunteered for extra credit were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Both groups were to practice a perceptual-motor task 5 times for 10 min each. Group 1 did all five 10-min practice sessions in one evening while Group 2 was asked to do one 10-min practice session a night for five consecutive nights. All of the participants in Group 1 completed the experiment, but only 30% of the participants in Group 2 showed up for all five nights. This study is an example of confounding by ______.
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Correct Answer:
Differential attrition
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Janice is taking the ACT to meet an entrance requirement for a college. On her first attempt she scores way below average. She decides to take the test again to see whether she can improve her score. She then scored higher the second time she took the test. This example illustrates the possibility of ______ as a plausible rival hypothesis.
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Correct Answer:
Regression artifact
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Aging, fatigue, and learning are considered ______ threats to internal validity.
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Correct Answer:
Maturation
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__ validity refers to the correctness of one’s conclusion about causation (e.g., whether changes in the IV cause changes in the DV), and ______ validity refers to the degree to which the study results generalize. (Select the letter with the correct answer pair.)
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Correct Answer:
Internal; external
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