What kind of validity is demonstrated when the results in a study generalize beyond the specific constraints in a study?
Answer
Correct Answer:
High external validity
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Regression toward the mean usually occurs when participants are selected from the ______ or ______ percentile in a population.
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Correct Answer:
Bottom; top
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A ______ is an unanticipated variable not accounted for in a research study, which can include individual differences when random assignment is not used.
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Correct Answer:
Confound
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What is the second element of control in an experiment?
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Correct Answer:
Manipulation
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What is the goal of educational research?
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Correct Answer:
To move forward and advance our knowledge of education
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Suppose a new drug was found in a study to reduce symptoms of depression immediately following treatment, and in a 1-month, 6-month, and 1-year follow-up test. This study would have a high ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Temporal validity
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Suppose a new drug was found in a study to reduce symptoms of depression immediately following treatment, and in a 1-month, 6-month, and 1-year follow-up test. This study would have a high ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Temporal validity
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Population validity, ecological validity, temporal validity, and outcome validity are all subcategories of ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
External validity
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What is a possible threat to validity in which a participant does not show up for a study at a scheduled time or fails to complete the study?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Attrition
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During the Halloween season, a researcher records candy intake when it is in close proximity or far proximity from a participant and finds that participants do not eat any candy at all regardless of where the candy is located. Which of the following provides a likely explanation for this outcome?
Answer
Correct Answer:
It is a history effect in that participants may have been eating candy more often in general and so may be “sick of” eating candy, which is why they are not eating these foods in the study.
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The_____ is generally associated with higher internal validity, whereas the ______ is generally associated with higher external validity.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Laboratory experiment; field experiment
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A researcher uses a procedure to ensure that participants are observed in one of three groups entirely by chance. Which type of randomization did the researcher use in this example?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Random assignment
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Which of the following words tends to be synonymous with internal validity?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cause-and-effect
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Which research design uses methods and procedures to make observations in a study that is structured similarly to an experiment, but the conditions and experiences of participants lack some control because the study lacks random assignment, includes a preexisting factor, or does not include a comparison/control group?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Quasi-experimental research design
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The use of methods and procedures to make observations in which the behavior or event being observed is observed “as-is” or without any intervention from the researcher, is called ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Nonexperimental research design
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_____ is the extent to which the treatment can be generalized, whether the treatment can be implemented as it is conceptualized to other individuals.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Treatment validity
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The improved performance on a test or measure the second time it is taken due to the experience of taking the test is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Testing effect
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The extent to which results observed in a study will generalize across time and at different points in time is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Temporal validity
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Resentful demoralization is when a participant assigned to the control group may instead feel demoralized or resentful because he or she was selected for the treatment group.
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Correct Answer:
False
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Research design means the specific methods and procedures used to answer a research question.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Regression toward the mean means _____ in a participant’s performance toward a level or score that is closer to or more typical of his or her true potential.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both a and b
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The use of methods for selecting individuals to participate in a study and assigning them to groups such that each individual has an equal chance of being selected to participate and assigned to a group is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Randomization
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A random procedure used to ensure that participants in a study have an equal chance of being assigned to a particular group or condition is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Random assignment
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A variable with levels to which participants are not randomly assigned and that differentiates the groups or conditions being compared in a research study is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Quasi independent variable
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The use of methods and procedures to make observations in a study that is structured similar to an experiment, but the conditions and experiences of participants lack some control is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Quasi experimental research design
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The extent to which results observed in a study will generalize to the population from which a sample was selected is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Population validity
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The extent to which the results observed in a study will generalize across different but related dependent variables is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Outcome validity
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The use of methods and procedures to make observations in which the behavior or event is observed “as is” or without an intervention from the researcher is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Nonexperimental research design
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A possible threat to internal validity in which a participant’s physiological or psychological state changes over time during a study is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Instrumentation
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Levels of a factor means the specific conditions or groups created by _____ that factor.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Manipulating
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_____ is when a participant who is assigned to the control group may try harder because he or she was not selected to receive the special treatment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both b and c
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The extent to which a research design includes enough control of the conditions and experiences of participants that it can demonstrate a single unambiguous explanation for a manipulation is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Internal validity
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A possible threat to internal validity in which the measurement of the dependent variable changes due to an error during the course of a research study is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Instrumentation
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The variable that is manipulated in an experiment. The levels of the variable remain unchanged between groups in an experiment.This variable is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Independent variable
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A threat to population validity in which rates of attrition are about the same in each group is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Homogeneous attrition
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A possible threat to internal validity in which rates of attrition are different between groups in a study is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
History effect
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A possible threat to internal validity in which rates of attrition are different between groups in a study is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Heterogeneous attrition
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_____ occurs when the participants are selected as part of the treatment group and changes their behavior because they believe they are getting special treatment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hawthorne effect
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Factor is a presumed _____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cause
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The extent to which observations made in a study generalize beyond the specific manipulations or constraints in the study is known as _____
Answer
Correct Answer:
External validity
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In experimental research control the three elements of control required are randomization and _____
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these
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A possible threat to validity in which a participant does not show up for a study at a scheduled time or fails to complete the study is known as experimental mortality.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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The methods and procedures used in an experimental research design to specifically control the conditions under which observations are made to isolate cause-and-effect relationships between variables refers to_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Experiment
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The extent to which results observed in a study will generalize across settings or environments is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Ecological validity
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The variable that is believed to change in the presence of the independent variable is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Dependent variable
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Choose the correct statement about control.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both a and c
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Choose the correct statement about confound.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both b and c
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A possible threat to validity in which a participant does not show up for a study at a scheduled time or fails to complete the study is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Attrition
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