Controls are Steps used by researchers to eliminate all variables except those related to the hypothesis—especially those variables that might be spurious
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True
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Concepts (ideas) that can vary in frequency of occurrence from one time, place, or person to another is called
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Variables
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The use of two or more methods of data collection to enhance the amount and type of data for analysis and the accuracy of the findings is called
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Triangulation
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Statements or explanations regarding how and why two or more facts are related to each other and the connections between these facts is called
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Theories
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Theoretical perspective is basic view of society that guides sociologists’ research and analysis. Theoretical perspectives are the broadest theories in sociology, providing overall approaches to understanding the social world and social problems
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True
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An object or an action that represents something else and therefore has meaning beyond its own existence (e.g., flags and wedding rings) is called
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Symbols
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_____ interaction Theory that sees humans as active agents who create shared meanings of symbols and events and then interact on the basis of those meanings
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Symbolic
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Structural functional Theory that assumes that all parts of the social structure (groups, organizations, and institutions), the culture (values and beliefs), and social processes
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True
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___ Relationships in which the variables are not casually related but are seen to be, often because of another unseen variable
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Spurious
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Secondary analysis that uses existing data, information that has already been collected in other studies—including data banks, such as the national census
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True
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A group of systematically chosen people who represent a much larger group to study is called
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Sample
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The attempt to reach maximum efficiency with rules that are rationally designed to accomplish goals is called
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Rationality
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Rational choice theory that focuses on humans as fundamentally concerned with self-interests, making rational decisions based on weighing costs and rewards of the projected outcome
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True
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A set of questions and other types of items designed to solicit information appropriate to analysis of research questions is called
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Questionnaires
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____ Sociologists who strive to better understand how society operates and to make practical use of their sociological findings
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Public
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Observational Studies that involve systematic, planned observation and recording of interactions and other human behavior in natural settings (where the activity normally takes place, rather than in a laboratory)
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True
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The quality of taking steps to ensure that one’s personal opinions or values do not bias or contaminate data collection and analysis is called ____
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Objectivity
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Property, machinery, and other means of creating saleable goods or services is means of production
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True
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The planned outcomes of interactions, social organizations, or institutions is ____ functions
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Manifest
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Unplanned or unintended consequences of actions or of social structures is ____ functions
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Latent
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Research conducted by talking directly with people and asking questions in person or by telephone is called
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Interviews
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_____ variable in a cause-and-effect relationship that comes first in a time sequence and causes a change in another variable
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Independent
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An educated guess or prediction is called
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Hypothesis
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Consequences of an action or behavior is called
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Functions
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____ Theory that critiques the hierarchical power structures that disadvantage women and other minorities
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Feminist
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Procedures in which all variables except the one being studied are controlled so researchers can study the effects on the variable under study is called
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Experiments
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____ Groups in which subjects are exposed to the variable being studied; this process is to test the effects of that variable on human behavior
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Experiment
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Facts and observations that can be objectively observed and carefully measured using the five senses (sometimes enhanced by scientific instruments) is called
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Evidence
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____ Knowledge founded on information gained from evidence (facts), rather than intuition
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Empirical
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Actions that undermine the stability or equilibrium of society is called
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Dysfunction
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____ variable in a cause-and-effect relationship that is affected by and comes after the independent variable in time sequence
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Dependent
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A relationship between variables with change in one variable associated with change in another is called
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Correlation
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____ group in which the subjects are not exposed to the variable the researcher wants to test
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Control
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____ Analysis that entails the systematic categorizing and recording of information from written or recorded sources—printed materials, videos, radio broadcasts, or artworks
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Content
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____ Theory that contends that conflict is inevitable in any group or society
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Conflict
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_____ Relationships in which one variable stimulates a change in another
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Cause and effect
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Which of the following statements best describes theoretical perspectives?
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They help guide sociologists’ research
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Which sociological perspective focuses on the interconnectedness of social units?
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Structural Functionalist
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What are the two types of survey methodology?
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Interview and questionnaire
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Ting wants to examine some of the messages targeted at women during World War II. He plans to do this by analyzing magazine advertisements from the 1940s. What is Ting’s proposed research method?
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Content analysis
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The statement “there is life after death” can be studied scientifically.
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False
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Moving from general theories to specific hypotheses is known as deductive reasoning.
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True
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Tom is researching the effect that pet ownership has on physical health. In Tom’s study, “pet ownership” is the dependent variable and “physical health” is the independent variable.
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False
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The statement “Certain types of people use online dating services” is a ______.
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Theory
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“Why do you like children?” is an example of an open-ended question.
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True
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Before the 19th century, the philosophers who studied social life did so purely objectively.
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False
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The ______ theory asserts that individuals are fundamentally concerned with self-interests and make decisions based on the projected costs or benefit outcomes of their actions.
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Rational choice
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