Scientific Variables, Validity, and Reliability MCQ
A researcher wants to measure how well students in a sixth grade class have learned the chapter materials in their language arts class. The teacher was trained on new teaching interventions over the summer to implement in weekly lessons. The researchers should observe the intervention for ______ and ______ to insure high intervention fidelity.
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Correct Answer:
Reliability; validity
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When participants respond in the same manner on multiple questions measuring the same variable, we can say there is good ______.
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Internal consistency
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Which of the following variables is not an interval scale of measurement?
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Number of kids in your class
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Using a series of numbers to represent levels of education is an example of ______.
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Coding
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The extent to which the behavior of a researcher or experimenter intentionally or unintentionally influences the results of a study is called ______.
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Experimenter bias
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A researcher measures impaired functioning using a multidimensional assessment that encompasses all symptoms of the impairment. For this reason, the researcher likely has high ______ validity.
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Correct Answer:
Content
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Which of the following is an example of internal consistency?
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A researcher shows that multiple items in a survey are measuring the same construct
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A researcher compares the amount of debt (in dollars) that undergraduate students incur to earn a 4-year degree. College debt is on what scale of measurement?
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Correct Answer:
Ratio
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To analyze the variable, sex, a researcher codes the variable as 1 = male and 2 = female. Now that the variable has been coded, what scale of measurement is sex?
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Correct Answer:
Nominal
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Recording the number of dreams recalled is an example of ______ data; whereas recording the time (in minutes) spent in a dream stage of sleep is an example of ______ data.
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Correct Answer:
Discrete; continuous
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Researcher A measures social class as whether a person fits into the lower class, middle class, or upper class of a society; Researcher B measures social class in terms of a person’s wealth in dollars. Researcher A measured social class as a ______ variable; Researcher B measured social class as a ______ variable.
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Correct Answer:
Discrete; continuous
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You measure attention to determine whether having key terms in color or in black print will result in greater attention paid to those words. Attention is measured as the time in milliseconds participants orient their eyes toward the key terms in the text. What is the operational definition for the construct in this example?
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Correct Answer:
The time participants orient their eyes toward the key terms
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Any value or characteristic that can change or vary from one person to another or from one situation to another is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Variable
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The extent to which a measurement for a variable or construct measures what it is purported or intended to measure is known as_____
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Validity
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True value means that the value 0 truly indicates_____ on a scale of measurement.
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Correct Answer:
Nothing
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The extent to which a measure or observation is consistent or stable at two points in time is known as_____
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Test-retest reliability
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The extent to which a measure can change or be different in the presence of a _____ is known as sensitivity of a measure.
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Manipulation
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Rules for how the properties of numbers can change with different uses refers to scales of measurement.
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True
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Reliability is the_____ of one or more measures or observations.
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Correct Answer:
All of these
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Measurement that has a true zero and is equidistant is known as_____
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Ratio scale
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Rapport is a relationship in which people understand the _____ of others and communicate.
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Correct Answer:
Both a and b
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A limitation in the range of data measured in which scores are clustered to one extreme is known as_____
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Range effect
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A _____ variable is measured as a numeric value and is often collected by measuring or counting.
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Quantitative variable
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A _____ variable is often a category or label for the behaviors and events researchers observe and so describes nonnumeric aspects of phenomena.
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Correct Answer:
Qualitative variable
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A small preliminary study used to determine the extent to which a manipulation or measure will show an effect of interest is known as_____
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Pilot study
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A type of participant reactivity in which a participant is overly antagonistic is known as_____
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Participant reluctance
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The reaction or response participants have when they know they are being observed or measured is known as_____
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Participant reactivity
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Participant expectancy is a type of participant reactivity in which a participant is _____
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Over cooperative
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Measurement that conveys order or rank only is known as_____
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Ordinal scale
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Measurement in which a number is assigned to represent something or someone is known as_____
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Nominal scale
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A measure for the extent to which two or more raters of the same behavior or event are in agreement with what they observed is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Interobserver reliability
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Manipulation check is a procedure used to check or confirm that a manipulation in a study had the effect that was _____
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Intended
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Interval scale refers to the measurements that have a true zero and are distributed in equal units.
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Correct Answer:
False
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A measure for the extent to which two or more raters of the same behavior or event are in agreement with what they observed is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Interobserver reliability
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A measure for the extent to which two or more raters of the same behavior or event are in agreement with what they observed is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Interrater reliability
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A measure of reliability used to determine the extent to which multiple items used to measure the same variable are related is known as_____
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Internal consistency
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A conceptual variable that is known to exist but cannot be directly observed is known as_____
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Hypothetical construct
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Floor effect is a range effect where scores are clustered at the_____ of a scale.
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Low end
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The extent to which a measure for a variable or construct appears to measure what it is purported to measure is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Face validity
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An observable behavior or event that is presumed to reflect the construct itself is known as external factor of a construct.
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Correct Answer:
True
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The extent to which the behavior of a researcher or experimenter_____ influences the results of a study is known as experimenter bias.
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Correct Answer:
Both
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Preconceived ideas or expectations regarding how participants should behave or what participants are capable of doing refers to_____
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Correct Answer:
Expectancy effect
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A type of participant reactivity in which a participant is overly apprehensive is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Evaluation apprehension
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A type of research study in which the researcher collecting the data and the participants in the study are unaware of the conditions in which participants are assigned is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Double blinded study
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A variable measured in whole units or categories that are not distributed along a continuum is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Discrete variable
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Any feature or characteristic of a research setting that may reveal the hypothesis being tested or give the participant a clue regarding how he or she is expected to behave is known as demand characteristic.
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Correct Answer:
True
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The extent to which scores obtained on some measure can be used to infer or predict a criterion or expected outcome is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Criterion-related validity
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A variable measured along a continuum at any place beyond the decimal point, meaning that it can be measured in whole units or fractional units is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Continuous variable
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The extent to which the items or contents of a measure adequately represent all of the features of the construct being measured is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Content validity
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The extent to which an operational definition for a variable or construct is actually measuring that variable or construct is known as_____
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Correct Answer:
Construct validity
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A conceptual variable that is known to exist and directly observed.
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False
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Coding is the procedure of converting a _____ variable to numeric values.
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Categorical
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Ceiling effect is a range effect where scores are clustered at the_____ of a scale.
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Correct Answer:
Both a and b
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