General Psychology MCQ
Each of the following is a sleep disorder except ________.
Night terrors.
REM rebound.
Insomnia.
Narcolepsy.
Answer
Correct Answer:
REM rebound.
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During sleep, a(n) ______________ is used to measure brain activity.
Electroencephalogram
Electromyogram
Electro-oculogram
Oximeter probe
Answer
Correct Answer:
Electroencephalogram
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During an encounter judged as stressful, cortisol is released by the ________.
Sympathetic nervous system.
Hypothalamus.
Pituitary gland.
Adrenal glands
Answer
Correct Answer:
Adrenal glands
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During a rtms, coils are typically placed over the ___________ and electric current is delivered.
Amygdala
Prefrontal cortex
Hypothalamus
Medualla
Answer
Correct Answer:
Prefrontal cortex
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Due to dominique s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.
Exhibit an extreme fear of water.
Insist that she hears voices.
Refuse to leave her bed due to anxiety over what might happen during the day.
Wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.
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Dual processing refers to simultaneously processing information on separate ________ tracks.
Physical and emotional
Social and psychological
Conscious and unconscious
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conscious and unconscious
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Dreams are most often reported when sleepers wake from _____ sleep.
Non-REM
Low-wave
REM
Stage
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Divorce is most likely to occur within the first ______ years of a wedding.
10.
2.
5.
1.
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Developing ones fullest potential is the goal of _____
A fixation.
Catharsis.
Rationalization.
Self-actualization.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-actualization.
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Fast excitatory responses not only occur quickly, but ________.
They also have a slow component
They remain active for a long period of time
They end quickly
They always create a substantial depolarization
Answer
Correct Answer:
They end quickly
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Working a second job to pay off credit cards is an example of ________.
Problem-focused coping
Emotion-focused coping
Distraction
Reappraisal
Answer
Correct Answer:
Problem-focused coping
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Work overload, harassment, and bullying can all lead to ________.
Job satisfaction
Age discrimination
Hawthorne effect
Job stress
Answer
Correct Answer:
Job stress
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Friendly, warm, and cooperative are descriptors of the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Openness to experience
Agreeableness
Answer
Correct Answer:
Agreeableness
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Freud wanted ____ to take over the psychoanalytic school.
Anna Freud
Jung
Maslow
Watson
Adler
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Freud viewed personality as ____.
Predetermined based on genetics
Dynamic
Set in stone
Static
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Concepts such as the personal fable and nave idealism are characteristic of the _____
Concrete operations stage.
Preoperational stage.
Reversibility stage.
Formal operations stage.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Formal operations stage.
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Classical conditioning most often explains the ____ aspect of an attitude.
Emotional
Conscious
Cognitive
Informational
Answer
Correct Answer:
Emotional
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Foxp2 is a ________ that helps enable the lip, tongue, and vocal movements of human speech.
Gene
Phoneme
Critical period
None of the above
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Response maintenance can be considered generalization across _________.
Time
Situations
People
Behaviors
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A training coordinator must hold a valid _____ license or certificate.
Federal mandates update
In the appointing agency's file
Instructor
Once a calendar year
Answer
Correct Answer:
Instructor
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At this time, _________________ explanations and treatments for mental disorders are dominant.
Humanist
Biological
Behavioral
Psychodynamic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Biological
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Evidence suggests that the earliest attempts at psychosurgery involved ____.
Obotomies
Trepanation
Canalization
Cauterization
Answer
Correct Answer:
Trepanation
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Evidence suggests that ________ may foster neurogenesis.
Meditation
Optimism
Social support
Aerobic exercise
Answer
Correct Answer:
Aerobic exercise
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Edward tolman studied rats running through mazes and found that ____.
The rats who were both punished for incorrect choices and rewarded for correct choices learned the maze faster than rats that were only either punished or rewarded
The rats' ability to cognitively process the maze had no effect on their success in reaching the end
Rats that had been allowed to wander through the maze without rewards learned the maze more quickly than normal once they began to be rewarded for reaching the end
Primary reinforcers were more effective than secondary reinforcers in teaching the rats to successfully navigate the maze
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rats that had been allowed to wander through the maze without rewards learned the maze more quickly than normal once they began to be rewarded for reaching the end
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Heroin addiction has been treated with ________.
Methadone
Amphetamines
LSD
Morphine
Answer
Correct Answer:
Methadone
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Extrinsic rewards tend to decrease enjoyment of an activity because they _____.
Are secondary rather than primary reinforcers
Are negative rather than positive reinforcers
Change our explanation for engaging in an activity
Provide inadequate justification for most activities
Answer
Correct Answer:
Change our explanation for engaging in an activity
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Both motives and emotions move us toward some ________.
Incentive
Stimulus
Action
Equilibrium
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Woolley's research on sex differences and alleged male superiority was ____.
Refuted by contemporary research
the first experimental test of the variability hypothesis of male superiority
supported by contemporary research
attributed to genetic differences
challenged by the
Answer
Correct Answer:
the first experimental test of the variability hypothesis of male superiority
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When studying developmental psychology, _____ exemplifies the psychosocial domain.
Memory
Relating to others
Puberty
Thinking
Answer
Correct Answer:
Relating to others
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Many psychologists have criticized skinner for discounting the influence of ________ on behavior.
Shaping.
Cognitive processes
Both a and b
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive processes
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The _____ behavior pattern is characterized by a patient and nonaggressive manner.
Type A
Type B
Type C
Type D
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Terrance is asked to list all the people in his family. he is being asked to report his _____.
Family structure
Family harmony
Family function
Family resilience
Answer
Correct Answer:
Family structure
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Speaking calmly and openly about your feelings with your partner is an example of __________.
Fairness and equality
An unrealistic relationship
Good communication
Having separate identities
Answer
Correct Answer:
Good communication
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_____ interference occurs when old information interferes with the recall of new information.
Prior
Anterograde
Proactive
Retroactive
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retroactive
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Hull intended to express the laws of behavior in the language of ____.
Vectors (response directions and strengths)
Field theory
Valences (reward values)
Mathematics
Behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mathematics
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Testing threats involve ________ whereas instrumentation threats involve ________.
Manipulation; Measurements
Measurements; Participants
Participants; Measurements
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Participants; Measurements
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Violet is to red as _____ is to _____.
200 nanometers; 700 nanometers
400 nanometers; 700 nanometers
40 nanometers; 600 nanometers
400 nanometers; 400 nanometers
Answer
Correct Answer:
400 nanometers; 700 nanometers
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The phrase "i tried" has ________.
One morpheme
Two morphemes
Three morphemes
Four morphemes
Answer
Correct Answer:
Three morphemes
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The peripheral nervous system connects the spinal cord and brain with the ____.
Muscles and glands
Sensory organs and glands
Sensory organs and muscles
Sensory organs, glands, and muscles
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sensory organs, glands, and muscles
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The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________.
Sensing pleasure; sensing pain
Tasting; smelling
Speaking; seeing
Sensing touch; seeing
Hearing; speaking
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hearing; speaking
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The most common incorrect use of oral contraceptives is _____.
Taking them at different times each day
Taking more than one per day
Taking the wrong pill
Forgetting to take them every day
Answer
Correct Answer:
Forgetting to take them every day
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The more _____ in a test, the greater the variability of scores in the test.
True score
Validity
Reliability
Measurement error
Answer
Correct Answer:
True score
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The low notes on a piano always produce ________ sound waves than the high notes.
Shorte
Longer
Equal
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The knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical order is the logical principle of _____.
Conservation
Seriation
Reversibility
Classification
Answer
Correct Answer:
Seriation
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The ________ in the hypothalamus regulates the body's circadian rhythms.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Substance P; glutamate
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Physiological; physiological
Answer
Correct Answer:
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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The ________ allows the group to meet formally, but it does not allow members free discussion.
Groupthink
Design Thinking
The Nominal Group Technique
Answer
Correct Answer:
The Nominal Group Technique
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Rod-shaped chromosomes, portions of dna, are organized in ____ pairs.
52
23
46
54
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Research has found that _______ are generally superior at decoding others' emotional messages.
The elderly
The young
Women
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One of the first signs of the growth spurt is _____.
Growth of fingers and toes
Growth of arms and legs
Lengthening of the torso
Increased muscle mass
Answer
Correct Answer:
Growth of fingers and toes
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Money is to food as ________ is to ________.
Delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
Discrimination; generalization
Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement
Operant conditioning; classical conditioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
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Mens rea refers to _____, whereas actus reus refers to _____.
A guilty mind; a criminal act
May not meet the legal definition of "insanity".
Equal to more
The policeman at the elbow test
Faking or exaggeration
Answer
Correct Answer:
A guilty mind; a criminal act
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Menarche is to a girl's sexual development as _____ is to a boy's sexual development.
Secondary sex characteristics
Spermarche
Gene; Y
Answer
Correct Answer:
Spermarche
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Melatonin influences _____.
Sleep
Sexual arousal
Puberty and aging
All of these
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If a there is not a full range of scores on one of the variables, this is known as ________.
An outlier effect
Restriction of range
Null effect
Spurious data
Answer
Correct Answer:
Restriction of range
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General assent is the concept that _______________.
Innate ideas exist because we are all born with them.
"Supposing that one thousand families in this city, would be constant customers for infants flesh . . . I compute that Dublin would take off annually about twenty thousand carcasses..."
Appeals to supernatural elements or forces
Contemporary society
Answer
Correct Answer:
Innate ideas exist because we are all born with them.
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Emotions have all of the following except a ______ component.
Physical
Cognitive
Sensory
Behavioral
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Cones are concentrated in the _____ and specialized for _____.
Fovea; color vision and visual acuity
Embedded in the basilar membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear.
Olfactory receptors and taste buds
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fovea; color vision and visual acuity
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Benzedrine, methedrine, and dexedrine are all ________.
Narcotics
Depressants
Illegal
Amphetamines
Answer
Correct Answer:
Amphetamines
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Areas of the ________ and hindbrain have an important role to play in regulating eating and hunger.
Hypothalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Frontal lobes
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hypothalamus
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An incentive usually describes some _____ that motivates us.
Goal object
Pleasurable event
Innate urge
Learned reaction to a stimulus
Answer
Correct Answer:
Goal object
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According to maslow, ______ needs are lower on the needs hierarchy than ______ needs.
Basic; psychological
Psychological; basic
Both a and b
None of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Basic; psychological
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According to abraham maslow, the highest need is ________.
Self actualization
Self satisfaction
Selfishness
None of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self actualization
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A police car is a ____ for slowing down
Neutral stimulus
Negative reinforcer
Positive reinforcer
Discriminative stimulus
Answer
Correct Answer:
Discriminative stimulus
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Course correction __________.
Is only necessary when failure has been the feedback
Can be uncomfortable or even frightening
Is always successful in the end
Does not involve big changes
Answer
Correct Answer:
Can be uncomfortable or even frightening
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Intimacy is the desire for _____.
Social connection
Generativity
Sexual intercourse
Self-esteem
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social connection
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Within the limbic system, sensory information is to emotion as the _____ is to the _____.
Thalamus; amygdala
Hypothalamus; amygdala
Amygdala; thalamus
Both a and b
Answer
Correct Answer:
Thalamus; amygdala
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The key to the ames room illusion is that _____.
The room is constructed of trapezoids, but looks rectangular to the observer
The room is constructed of rectangular walls, but looks trapezoidal to the viewer
People of a wide range of physical heights are put in the room
All depth cues except binocular disparity are eliminated
Answer
Correct Answer:
The room is constructed of trapezoids, but looks rectangular to the observer
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In classical conditioning, the response is ________ by a stimulus that comes ________it.
Elicited; before
Conditioned; before
Before; conditioned
Before; elicited
Answer
Correct Answer:
Elicited; before
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In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________.
CS; US
UCS;CS
US;CS
US;UCS
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Two theorists associated with the humanistic perspective of personality development are _____.
Rogers and Maslow
Behavior
Psychosis
Generalized anxiety disorder
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rogers and Maslow
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The statement that best reflects moral reasoning at the preconventional level is _____.
I obey a higher power
Every citizen should obey the rules
I want everyone to like me
I don't want to get caught and punished
Answer
Correct Answer:
I don't want to get caught and punished
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The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is __________.
FR 1
FR 5
VR 1
VI 1
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The reappearance of previously effective behavior during extinction is called ____________.
Spontaneous recovery
Recovery
Resurgence
Fulfillment
Answer
Correct Answer:
Spontaneous recovery
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The purpose of an experiment is to test _______ principles.
Overconfidence
Theoretical
Both
None of these
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The part of the neuron whose name literally means "branch" is ________.
Axon
Dendrite
Myelin
Soma
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The need for ________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals.
Achievement
Power
Motivation
Emotion
Affiliation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Achievement
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The most common extra-chromosome condition is _____.
Down syndrome
Nearsightedness
Fragile X syndrome
Tourette syndrome
Answer
Correct Answer:
Down syndrome
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The members of a primary relationship are __________.
Family
Childhood friend
Both
None of these
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The large intestine ____.
The large bowe
Digests proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates
Answer
Correct Answer:
The large bowe
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The humanistic approach to psychology emphasizes the role of _____ as a determinant of behavior.
Forensic
Free will
Cognitive
Plasticity
Answer
Correct Answer:
Free will
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The evolutionary perspective focuses on the impact of ________ on human traits.
Introspection
Natural selection
Unconscious motives
Rational thought
Answer
Correct Answer:
Natural selection
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The ____________ stage of development begins at conception and lasts for two weeks.
Germinal Stage
Adolescence
Cognitive
Contact comfort
Answer
Correct Answer:
Germinal Stage
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The _____ example of an item that fits in a particular category is called a prototype.
Best
Prototype
Avocado
Parakeet
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The ____ charge of one section of an axon causes the _____ of the next section to open.
Positive; sodium gates
Sodium; positively
Sodium; potassium pumps
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positive; sodium gates
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Sonja has a high need for achievement. this means that she has _____.
A preference for feedback on her efforts toward goals
An attraction to competitive careers and tasks
The desire to assume responsibility for projects
All of these options
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these options
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Romantic love lasts _____.
Forever, for a lucky few
For less than 6 weeks for most couples
For 6-30 months in many cases
All of these options
Answer
Correct Answer:
For 6-30 months in many cases
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Research shows that _____ is the most important determinant of therapy outcome.
The quality of the client's participation
The therapeutic alliance
Allows their deepest thoughts to emerge
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
The quality of the client's participation
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Prediction is to explanation what _____ is to _____.
Hypothesis; theory
Theory; hypothesis
Variable; supposition
Hypothesis; variable
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hypothesis; theory
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Performance goals are to ______ rewards as learning goals are to _______ rewards.
Intrinsic; extrinsic
Satisfaction with self; prestige
Extrinsic; intrinsic
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Extrinsic; intrinsic
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People often form concepts by developing a(n) _____, a mental image or best example of a category.
Prototype
Aptitude
Insight
Heuristic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Prototype
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Pavlov's conditioned reflexes require ____ for learning to occur.
S-R connections
Reinforcements and S-R connections
Reinforcement
Two or more unconditioned responses
Knowledge
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reinforcements and S-R connections
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Our _____ is said to be a gauge of how socially accepted we feel.
Set point
Basal metabolic rate
Erotic plasticity
Self-esteem
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-esteem
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Open ended questions are more _____ than close ended questions.
Time consuming to code
Expensive to analyze
Useful when one needs to know what people are thinking
All of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these
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One important difference between a myelinated and bare axon is _____.
The neural impulse is faster in myelinated axon
Helps mobilize necessary resources to deal with a dangerous situation
Regulation of the heart muscle and other involuntary functions
Consists of the brain and spinal cord
Answer
Correct Answer:
The neural impulse is faster in myelinated axon
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Observational learning is based in part on the activity of _____ neurons in the brain.
Positive reinforcer
Mirror
Operant
Negative reinforcer
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Norepinephrine is released from __________ nerves, causing heart rate to ______.
Parasympathetic, increase
Parasympathetic, decrease
Sympathetic, increase
Sympathetic, decrease
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sympathetic, increase
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Nodes of _____ are gaps in the _____ that coat some axons.
Ranvier; myelin
Synaptic; vesicles
Sensory, interneurons
Substantia; nigra
Answer
Correct Answer:
Ranvier; myelin
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Night terrors usually occur in ________ sleep.
REM Sleep
Non-REM Sleep
N3 Sleep
None of these
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Neuroscience studies are based on the _____ approaches to psychology.
Biological
Behavioral
Psychodynamic
Cognitive
Answer
Correct Answer:
Biological
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Neuroleptic drugs _____.
Are antianxiety drugs
Reduce schizophrenic symptoms
Effectively block serotonin activity in the brain
Cure schizophrenia
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reduce schizophrenic symptoms
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Networks of neurons in the _____ lobe are involved in processing emotions and making plans.
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital
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Money is to _____ as enjoyment of an activity is to _____.
Extrinsic reward; intrinsic reward
Variable; operant
Shaping; voluntary
Predictive; Thorndike
Answer
Correct Answer:
Extrinsic reward; intrinsic reward
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Messages travel in _____ form within a neuron, and in _____ form between neurons.
Electrical; chemical
Dentrite; Cell body
Prefrontal; cortex
Answer
Correct Answer:
Electrical; chemical
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Many intelligence tests are ____ because they ____.
Culturally biased; use no verbal questions.
Culturally fair; use standardized administration procedures.
Culturally biased; reflect the cultures of some test-takers more than others.
Culturally fair; use standardized test items for all test-takers.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Culturally biased; reflect the cultures of some test-takers more than others.
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Longitudinal research on intelligence found that iq scores _____.
Increased after the early 20s
Decreased after the early 20s
Remained stable after the early 20s
Fluctuated after the early 20s
Answer
Correct Answer:
Increased after the early 20s
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Kohlberg believed his stages of moral development to be _____.
Universal and invariant
Culturally bound, but invariant within a culture
Universal, but variable within each culture
Culturally bound and variable
Answer
Correct Answer:
Universal and invariant
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Opponent neurons found in the ______ provide physiological support for the opponent-process theory.
Both the retina and LGN
Color afterimages
Visualizing color combinations
Simultaneous color contrast
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both the retina and LGN
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Scapegoats are usually the group of people with _________.
The most annoying customs
The most unusual appearance
The most money
The least power
Answer
Correct Answer:
The least power
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Inhalants, which are used more by the youngest adolescents to get high, include _____.
Marijuana
Cocaine
Tobacco
Aerosols
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University grades are used to assess the ________ of the sat.
A deprived environment
Predictive validity
Have content validity.
Cognitive psychology
Answer
Correct Answer:
Predictive validity
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The unconscious is best defined as ideas, thoughts, and feelings ________.
We are fully aware
We can recall from memory
We are not and cannot normally become aware of
We are not and can never become aware of
Answer
Correct Answer:
We are not and cannot normally become aware of
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Insanity is a(n) _____ term.
Legal
Psychological
Archaic
Colloquial
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In the cannon-bard theory of emotion, physiological reactions _____ emotional experiences.
Support a cognitive view of emotions.
Occur simultaneously with
Need for power
Hippocampus
Answer
Correct Answer:
Occur simultaneously with
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In arousal theory, people are said to have a (an) _________ level of tension.
A physiological reaction leads to labeling of an emotion
Arousal theory
The physiological reaction and the emotion are assumed to occur at the same time
Optimal
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In a scientific experiment, the control group ______.
Populations of organisms rarely change over time
Eukarya
By categorizing diverse items into smaller and smaller numbers of groups
Serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group
Answer
Correct Answer:
Serves as a basis of comparison with the experimental group
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If this causes that, then this is the _____ variable, and that is the _____ variable.
Dependent; independent
Independent; dependent
Constant; dependent
None of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Independent; dependent
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Gender is a clear example of a/an _____________________________ variable.
Qualitative
Quantitative
Independent
Dependent
Answer
Correct Answer:
Qualitative
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Fugue states are characteristic of _____ disorders.
Depressive
Personality
Dissociative
Anxiety
Answer
Correct Answer:
Dissociative
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Freudian psychologists suggested that __________.
Maslow
Horney
Jung
Adler
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Freud's investigative approach was ____.
To consider evidence as he alone interpreted it
Unique to animals
Resistance
Repression
Answer
Correct Answer:
To consider evidence as he alone interpreted it
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Freud emphasized the importance of _____ in determining behavior.
Unconscious motivation
Castrating
Electra
Latency
Answer
Correct Answer:
Unconscious motivation
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Frequent use of metaphors is a key characteristic of the ____________ pattern
Confluence
Precision
Technical Reasoning
Dynamic learner
Answer
Correct Answer:
Confluence
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Form refers to ________, and function refers to ________.
Anatomical structure; physiological actions
Physiology; anatomy
Carry oxygen
Ingestion, digestion
Answer
Correct Answer:
Anatomical structure; physiological actions
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Forensic psychology was established with the work of ____.
Scott
Hall
Munsterberg
Healy
Witmer
Answer
Correct Answer:
Munsterberg
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Forecasting can use statistical methods or ______.
Human Judgement
Judgmental
Outsourcing
Realistic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Judgmental
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For pavlov, humans and animals were ____.
Machines
Allies
Enemies
Incompatible
Essentially
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For maslow, the major motivating force is ____.
self-actualization
Style of life
Mother's breast
Basic anxiety
Answer
Correct Answer:
self-actualization
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Food, water, and warmth are examples of __________ reinforcers.
Primary
Secondary
Delayed
Partial
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Feelings of hunger are ________ by high levels of pyy and ________ by high levels of leptin.
Increased; decreased
Increased; increased
Decreased; increased
Decreased; decreased
Answer
Correct Answer:
Decreased; decreased
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Experiments allow researchers to ____.
Observe naturally occurring behavior
Eliminate experimenter bias
Cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables
Existence of a relationship between two variables
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cause-and-effect questions about the relationship between two variables
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Erikson's basic principle for understanding development was the __________ principle.
Compensatory
Epigenetic
Self-actualization
Conflict
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-actualization
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Erik erikson's stages of psychosocial development represent _____ adulthood stages.
Three
Two
Four
Five
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Episodic memory is best described as ______ memory of _______.
Explicit memory of personally experienced events
Implicit memory
Long-term potentiation
Retrieval cues
Answer
Correct Answer:
Explicit memory of personally experienced events
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Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten _________.
Most quickly one day after learning
Gradually at first, then with increasing speed
More rapidly as time goes by
Quickly at first, then tapers off gradually
Answer
Correct Answer:
Quickly at first, then tapers off gradually
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During prenatal development, teratogens _____.
Increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities
Decrease the risk of prenatal abnormalities
Always cause prenatal abnormalities
Do not cause prenatal abnormalities
Answer
Correct Answer:
Increase the risk of prenatal abnormalities
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Resilient individuals are _____ in their approach to life.
Energetic
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Reward
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Energetic
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Posterior means _________________ and is opposite to ____________________.
Situated away from the center; superior
Nearer the head; anterior
Situated below; superior
Ventral; supine
Situated behind; anterior
Answer
Correct Answer:
Situated behind; anterior
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In classical conditioning a person learns to associate two _____.
To associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; to associate a response (behavior) and its consequence
Spontaneous recovery
Stimuli
Operant
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Overregularization in a child's speech patterns indicates that _____.
They theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important.
She's engaging in private speech, and it is completely normal.
None of these labels reliably indicates quality
The child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations
Answer
Correct Answer:
The child can apply grammatical rules to vocalizations
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The key symptoms of ________are rule-breaking, aggressiveness, and irresponsibility.
Schizophrenia
Borderline personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Social phobia
Answer
Correct Answer:
Antisocial personality disorder
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Car salesmen often encourage a test drive. perhaps they know about ___________.
The door-in-the-face approach
Leon Festinger
The foot-in-the-door approach
Making large requests first
Answer
Correct Answer:
The foot-in-the-door approach
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_______________ do not permit collective bargaining.
Certification
Values-centered
Relevant curriculum
Mediated entry
Private schools
Answer
Correct Answer:
Private schools
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Stereoscopic depth perception requires the brain to detect ____.
Amblyopia.
Retinal disparity.
Strabismus
All of these.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retinal disparity.
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Positive psychologists are most similar in their beliefs to ________.
Behaviorists
Gestalt theorists
Humanists
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Humanists
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Culture-fair tests attempt to measure ________.
Follow the normal curve
That the WAIS-IV is reliable
The ability to adapt to new situations
The intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised
Answer
Correct Answer:
The intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised
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Behaviorists, including b. f. skinner, argued that children learn language through ____.
Classical conditioning.
Genetic programming.
Operant conditioning,
An innate cognitive profile.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Operant conditioning,
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Group polarization occurs when group discussion _______ group members' initial inclinations.
Challenges.
Reverses.
Neutralizes.
Strengthens
Answer
Correct Answer:
Strengthens
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Research has shown a link between ____________ parental conflict and children?s behavior problems.
Lower relationship satisfaction.
Mixed blessing marriages
Unresolved
A
Answer
Correct Answer:
Unresolved
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Remarrying women generally benefit __________ more than do remarrying men..
Emotionally
Financially
Parentally
Socially
Answer
Correct Answer:
Financially
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Postdivorce cohabitation is positively associated with ___________.
Adultery.
Remarital instability.
Remarital happiness.
Multiple marriages.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Remarital instability.
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In most states, stepparents are __________ provide contributions.
Legally required to support their spouses' children financially, and are forced to
Required to support only the joint biological offspring, to legally
Not required to support their spouses' children financially, and most do not choose to
Not required to support their spouses' children financially, although most voluntarily choose to
Answer
Correct Answer:
Not required to support their spouses' children financially, although most voluntarily choose to
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Cohabiting stepfamilies are more likely to experience __________ than are remarried stepfamilies.
Paternal claiming.
Trap
Boundary ambiguity
Legal strangers.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Boundary ambiguity
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Psychologists believe that the social facilitation effect occurs because _____.
Situational factors powerfully affect human behavior
Normative social influence
Situational / personality
The presence of other individual arouses us
Answer
Correct Answer:
The presence of other individual arouses us
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Systematic desensitization is to classical conditioning as ________ is to operant conditioning.
Aversive conditioning
Therapeutic touch
A token economy
Psychosurgery
Answer
Correct Answer:
A token economy
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Maslow?s view of motivation is best described as a ____.
Tree of power
Pyramid of needs
Web of ambition
Pinwheel of desir
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pyramid of needs
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For watson, introspection was ____.
Evolutionary theory
Functionalism
Positivism
Animal psychology
Answer
Correct Answer:
Animal psychology
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During _____, images sometimes appear, as if we were viewing still photos.
Stage 4 sleep
Stage 1 sleep
Stage 2sleep
Stage 3sleep
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stage 1 sleep
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Whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on ________.
The nature of the aggressive behavior
Whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished
Whether the child is encouraged to imitate the model
The relationship between the child and the model
Answer
Correct Answer:
Whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished
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When we describe someone's eyes as blue, technically we are referring to his or her blue ________.
Pupils
Irises
Corneas
Scleras.
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Traditional intelligence tests tend to assess _____ thinking; tests of creativity tap into _____.
Wernicke's aphasia; Broca's aphasia
Normal distribution
Convergent thinking; divergent thinking
Yields consistent measurements.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Convergent thinking; divergent thinking
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The work of romanes was especially flawed because of his ____.
Use of the anecdotal method.
Scott
Reinforcement
Animal psychology
Answer
Correct Answer:
Use of the anecdotal method.
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The ventromedial hypothalamus (vmh) may be involved in ________.
Stoppage of eating.
The onset of eating.
Processing low fats.
Food allergies.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stoppage of eating.
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The trancelike state in which a subject responds readily to suggestions is ________.
Hypnosis
Meditation
Coma
Stage 4 sleep
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The polygraph detects _____ arousal.
Limbic system
Central nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sympathetic nervous system
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The placebo effect can weaken the _____ of an experiment.
Psychoanalysis
External validity
Internal validity
Experimental studies
Answer
Correct Answer:
Internal validity
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The placebo effect best illustrates the importance of _______ in therapeutic success.
Free association
Psychopharmacology
Behavior modification
Cognitive processes
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive processes
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The new york longitudinal study identified ______ types of temperament, and they are called ______.
Our; secure, insecure-avoidant,disorganized, and insecure-resistant
Three; easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
Three; Types A, B, and C
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Three; easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up
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The most widely practiced specialization in psychology is _____ psychology.
Experimental
Clinical and counseling
Evolutionary
Industrial and organizational
Answer
Correct Answer:
Clinical and counseling
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The most recent variation of counterconditioning involves__________.
Programmed texts
Psychoactive drugs
Virtual reality
Sleep conditioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Virtual reality
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The most important aspect of successful psychotherapy is the ________ between client and therapist.
Therapeutic alliance
Transference
Mindfulness
Authenticity
Answer
Correct Answer:
Therapeutic alliance
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The moro reflex is a response to _____, whereas the grasping reflex is a response to _____.
Sound or movement; touch
Touch; sound or movement
Smell; sight
Sight; smell
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sound or movement; touch
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The mental image of an area, such as a maze or the floor plan of a building, is called a ________.
Mental set
Gestalt
Cognitive map
Perceptual illusion
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive map
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The major goal of insight therapies is to give people ________.
Basic training in observational learning and practice
Feedback from their biologically controlled responses
Help in understanding perceptual processes
Clearer understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Clearer understanding of their feelings, motivations, and actions
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The main cognitive change between formal operational and postformal thought is _________ thinking.
Concrete
Abstract
Relativistic
Quantitative
Answer
Correct Answer:
Relativistic
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The enhanced brain response of men to erotic images may be due to ________.
The early male's need to identify sexually receptive females
The large occipital lobes of the male brain
Males' socialization to be sexually aggressive
Females having developed a learned stimulus for sexual arousal
Answer
Correct Answer:
The early male's need to identify sexually receptive females
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The concept of ""comfort food"" suggests that eating ________.
May be influenced by emotional factors.
Has some inherited quality that relaxes us.
May release hormones and neurotransmitters that are comforting.
Is reflexive.
Answer
Correct Answer:
May release hormones and neurotransmitters that are comforting.
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The comparing step in the control process determines ________.
A company's relative position in the industry in terms of the standards used
A company's relative position in the industry in terms of performance variances
The ideal standard to be used in measuring organizational performance
The variation between actual performance and the standard
Answer
Correct Answer:
The variation between actual performance and the standard
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The communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because ____________.
Bees are not animals
Bee communication seems to be instinctual
Bees do not use a spoken or auditory communication system
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bee communication seems to be instinctual
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The classic robber's cave study showed that prejudice can be reduced by ________.
Cooperating to meet a mutually beneficial goal
Relearning social norms
Mere exposure
Strong expressions of authority
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cooperating to meet a mutually beneficial goal
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The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds in that they ________.
Respond to various wavelengths of smell
Contain pressure-sensitive elements that detect certain molecules
Contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules
Only respond to five basic smells
Answer
Correct Answer:
Contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules
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The best adjectives associated with the activation-synthesis hypothesis are ________.
Meaningful, problem oriented, and historical
Unconscious, symbolic, and meaningful
Bizarre, meaningless, and random
Intelligent, free, and neurotic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bizarre, meaningless, and random
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The austrian composer _____ influenced mahler and schoenberg.
Johannes Brahms
Franz Schubert
Anton Bruckner
Anton'n Dvo?ák
Answer
Correct Answer:
Anton Bruckner
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The abbreviation ucs stands for ________.
Unconditional statement
Uniform conditioned subject
Unconditional sensation
Unconditioned stimulus
Answer
Correct Answer:
Unconditioned stimulus
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Motivation includes factors that _______ goal-directed behavior.
Direct
Activate and direct
Activate
Activate, direct, and sustain
Answer
Correct Answer:
Activate, direct, and sustain
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Language is based on basic sound units called ______.
Phonemes
Semantics
Morphemes
Registers
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Lithium is considered as an effective mood stabilizing drug to treat _____.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Bipolar disorder
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bipolar disorder
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One positive outcome of instinct approaches was ________.
That they gave birth to psychoanalytic theory
That psychologists began focusing on learning theories
That psychologists were now forced to consider the effects of heredity on behavior
A better explanation of behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
That psychologists were now forced to consider the effects of heredity on behavior
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One major danger of barbiturates is ________.
Over stimulation
Hyperactivity
Drug interaction
Sleepwalking
Answer
Correct Answer:
Drug interaction
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One interesting thing about incentive approaches is that incentives __________.
Facial feedback
Emotion
Homeostasis
Arousal
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One attitude shift in the united states is that people are beginning ___________ at an earlier age.
Natural Capitol
Retirement
True
Doubled
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retirement
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Neurosurgeons can reduce the unbearable seizures some epileptics experience by severing the _____.
Hypothalamus.
Cerebellum.
Amygdala.
Corpus callosum.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Corpus callosum.
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Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________.
Brain wave activity
Blood pressure
Heart rate
Body temperature
Answer
Correct Answer:
Brain wave activity
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Most family therapists who work with couples concentrate on ______.
Exploring the marital partners' childhoods to understand the source of the current conflicts
Desensitizing techniques to help the marital partners become more tolerant of each other
Changing the behavior of the person in the marriage who is the source of the couple's problems
Improving the couple's patterns of communication so they can find better ways of solving their problems
Answer
Correct Answer:
Improving the couple's patterns of communication so they can find better ways of solving their problems
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Melatonin is to ________ as an aspirin is to ________.
Nausea; a nightmare
Nightmare; blood clots
Insomnia; a headache
Sleep apnea; a blood thinner
Answer
Correct Answer:
Insomnia; a headache
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Many scholars, including linguists noam chomsky and steven pinker, believe that human beings ____.
Learn language through operant conditioning
Have an inborn capacity for learning language
Respond to classical conditioning stimuli in language learning
Learn language through the method of successive approximations
Answer
Correct Answer:
Have an inborn capacity for learning language
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Many items on a ""culture-fair"" test require the use of ________.
Nonverbal abilities
Verbal knowledge
Musical knowledge
Knowledge of major world historical figures
Answer
Correct Answer:
Nonverbal abilities
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M?nsterberg was best known ____.
For his feminist sentiments
For his research in psychophysics and his disputes with Wundt
For his research on animal learning
Through his publications in the popular press on applied psychology
Answer
Correct Answer:
Through his publications in the popular press on applied psychology
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Insulin increases the entry of tryptophan into the brain by ____.
Weakening the blood-brain barrier
Converting tryptophan into a compound that more easily enters the brain
Increasing metabolic activity only in those areas of the brain that use tryptophan
Causing certain competing amino acids to enter other cells, outside the brain
Answer
Correct Answer:
Causing certain competing amino acids to enter other cells, outside the brain
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In the united states, the average age of menarche has _____ since the mid-nineteenth century.
Increased marginally
Declined significantly
Increased significantly
Not changed
Answer
Correct Answer:
Declined significantly
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In the long run, watson's behaviorism ____.
Supplanted structuralism, pragmatism, and functionalism
Has continually interacted with functionalism, borrowing some concepts while criticizing others
Supplanted structuralism but has continued to evolve alongside functionalism
Was absorbed into the mainstream of psychology and thereby lost its distinctiveness and revolutionary spirit and initiative
Answer
Correct Answer:
Was absorbed into the mainstream of psychology and thereby lost its distinctiveness and revolutionary spirit and initiative
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Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____.
Getting to sleep
Waking up
Raising body temperature
Staying awake
Answer
Correct Answer:
Staying awake
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In his treatment of women, titchener ____.
Be passive recorders of the experiences registering on the conscious mind
Formality
Demonstrated both support of and obstruction of women in psychology
Had difficulty defining exactly what he meant
Answer
Correct Answer:
Demonstrated both support of and obstruction of women in psychology
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Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that _________.
Has a positive skew
Has a negative skew
Appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency
Follows the normal curve
Answer
Correct Answer:
Follows the normal curve
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According to gottman, _______ is the result of blaming an unmet need on one's partner.
Complaining
Criticism
Contempt
Controlling.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Criticism
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A personality that consisted of only the ego and the id would be completely ________.
Illogical
Selfless
Rational
Amoral
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_____ and _____ are prominent psychologists associated with the humanistic perspective.
Abraham Maslow; Alfred Adler
Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers
Alfred Adler; Carl Rogers
B.F. Skinner; Albert Bandura
Answer
Correct Answer:
Abraham Maslow; Carl Rogers
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Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be ________.
Reliable
Valid
Heritability
One word
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Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists rely primarily on ________.
Projective tests
Direct observation
Detailed analysis of dreams
All of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Direct observation
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People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from ________.
Bulimia Nervose
Obesity Phobia
Anorexia Nervosa
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Anorexia Nervosa
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Momentary interruptions of spiky waves called sleep spindles are characteristic of _____ sleep.
REM
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 4.
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Marcy is in a car accident. this is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.
Acute.
Automatic.
Chronic.
Subjective
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It is believed that troy has a high set point. dieting will be difficult for him because ____.
Genetic and biological factors
Troy's metabolic rate slows down
Reward/pleasure centers in the brain
Raising one's fist in victory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Troy's metabolic rate slows down
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In the tuskegee syphilis experiment, researchers from the u.s. public health service ____.
Abraham Maslow
Studied the progression of syphilis in a group of African American men without providing diagnosis or treatment
Sigmund Freud
A cognitive revolution
Answer
Correct Answer:
Studied the progression of syphilis in a group of African American men without providing diagnosis or treatment
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In classical-conditioning situations, the _____ is unlearned, but the _____ is learned.
Attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement
NOT It reinforces the first behavior after a fixed amount of time has passed.
Organisms learn the association between behaviors and their consequences
Unconditioned response/conditioned response
Answer
Correct Answer:
Unconditioned response/conditioned response
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Allen and beatrice gardner taught a chimpanzee to _________.
Use sign language
Speak
Read and write
Communicate with geometric forms
Answer
Correct Answer:
Use sign language
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Alfred adler's approach was known as _____ psychology.
Social
Behavioral
Individual
Collective
Answer
Correct Answer:
Individual
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Albert bandura is one of the leading proponents of a _____ perspective on personality.
Trait
Social-cognitive
Behavioral
Psychoanalytic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social-cognitive
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After being bitten by a black widow spider, jean starts to convulse. this is a result of ________.
A lack of GABA being released into her bloodstream Incorrect. The correct answer is
A resurgence of neurotransmitters overstimulating her brain stem
A surge of chemicals blocking the transmission of fluids to the spinal cord
A flood of acetylcholine releasing into the body's muscle system
Answer
Correct Answer:
A flood of acetylcholine releasing into the body's muscle system
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According to the flynn effect, iqs have __________ from one generation to the next.
Increased steadily
Second-order false belief
Strategic thinking
Abstract ideas
Answer
Correct Answer:
Increased steadily
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According to the encoding specificity principle, you should ____.
Take your exams in the same seat in which you listen to lectures
Use maintenance rehearsal prior to an exam
Use massed practise right before the exam
Elaborate as much as you can the material you wish to learn
Answer
Correct Answer:
Take your exams in the same seat in which you listen to lectures
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According to rescorla's theory, the cs must ________ the ucs or conditioning does not occur.
Replace
Come after
Appear simultaneously with
Predict
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__________ refers to the point at which a behavior stops or its rate falls off sharply.
Block
Border time
Break point
Camel's back
Answer
Correct Answer:
Break point
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_____ perception involves integrating information from two or more sensory modalities.
Innermodality perception
Intermodality perception
Intramodality perception
Multimodality perception
Answer
Correct Answer:
Intermodality perception
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_____ is associated with the fearless-peer experiment. the experiment demonstrates _____.
Skinner; operant conditioning
Bandura; observational learning
Thorndike; latent learning
Pavlov; classical conditioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bandura; observational learning
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_____ is an important aspect of situationism according to walter mischel.
Self-efficacy
Context
Personality
Projection
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According to ernest hilgard, hypnosis is the result of __________.
Accepted roleplay between hypnotist and subject
Suggestions accepted by the conscious mind
Entrance into a special state of consciousness
The effects of a “hidden observer” in the unconscious
Answer
Correct Answer:
The effects of a “hidden observer” in the unconscious
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________ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells.
Bipolar cells.
Cone cells.
Ganglion cells.
Rod cells
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bipolar cells.
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An adult male typically produces several __________ sperm a day.
100 million
1000 million
10 million
10000 million
Answer
Correct Answer:
100 million
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An action potential involves the temporary ________ through an axon membrane.
Inflow of positively charged ions
Inflow of negatively charged ions
Outflow of positively charged ions
Outflow of negatively charged ions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Inflow of positively charged ions
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According to the discrete emotions theory, emotions __________.
People across cultures don't always agree on which facial expressions go with what emotions
Scientific support for facial feedback theory
Biological roots, serves one or more distinctive evolutionary functions that are the same in all of us, emotional relations come before thoughts about them
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Biological roots, serves one or more distinctive evolutionary functions that are the same in all of us, emotional relations come before thoughts about them
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A frown is a _____ manifestation of an emotion.
Reciprocal relationships
Behavioral
Better at spatial tasks
Solitary
Answer
Correct Answer:
Behavioral
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_____ is the deepest stage of sleep, during which we are least responsive to outside stimulation.
Stage 1sleep
Stage 2 sleep
Stage 3 sleep
Stage 4 sleep
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stage 4 sleep
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Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into ________ independent abilities
5
6
7
9
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Pet scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image, ________.
The image is generated by the amygdala and sent to the brain
The image is generated by the retinal ganglion cells and sent to the cortex
The image is generated by the thalamus and sent to the brain
The areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex
Answer
Correct Answer:
The areas associated with stored knowledge send information to the visual cortex
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Most individuals do not show evidence of reflective judgment until their ________, if at all.
Teen years
Middle to late twenties
Early to middle thirties
Late thirties to early forties
Answer
Correct Answer:
Middle to late twenties
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Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of __________.
Altered states of consciousness
Self-awareness
Waking consciousness
Self-absorption
Answer
Correct Answer:
Altered states of consciousness
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All of the following are sternberg's components of love except ________________.
Intimacy.
Commitment.
Loyalty.
Passion
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In the james-lange theory of emotion, physiological responses _____ emotional experiences.
Follow
Precede
Occur simultaneously with
Are unrelated
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Misty's body mass index (bmi) is 27 and marnie's is 31. misty is considered _____. marnie is _____.
Overweight; overweight as well
Overweight; obese
Obese; obese as well
Normal weight; overweight
Answer
Correct Answer:
Overweight; obese
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During rem sleep, the eeg shows ____.
awakens a sleeping individual
irregular waves with low amplitude
neurons are becoming more synchronized
irregular, low-voltage fast waves
Answer
Correct Answer:
irregular, low-voltage fast waves
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Since norma is a split-brain patient, we can infer that she likely has a history of ________.
Mental illness
Severe epilepsy
Anosognosia
Frontal lobe
Answer
Correct Answer:
Severe epilepsy
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Self-reliance is a healthy, secure _____ pattern of behavior.
Overdependent
Counterdependent
Self-dependent
Interdependent
Answer
Correct Answer:
Interdependent
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If darren's brain is like that of most people, then language will be handled by his ________.
Corpus callosum
Left cerebral hemisphere
Right cerebral hemisphere
Occipital lobe
Answer
Correct Answer:
Left cerebral hemisphere
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If an observer looks on as a model's behavior is reinforced, we speak of __________.
Vicarious reinforcement
Model reinforcement
Observer reinforcement
Imitation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Vicarious reinforcement
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If an artist were to blend red, green, and blue paints together, the result would look ________.
Black
White
Green
Blue
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In a(n) _____ heuristic, known items are seen as superior to those that are unknown.
Representativeness.
Availability.
Functional.
Familiarity
Answer
Correct Answer:
Familiarity
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"becoming what one ought to be"" is one way to define _______.
Peak experience
Self-actualization
Achievement potential
Self concept
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-actualization
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Although about 20-25% of mothers are single mothers, only _____of fathers are single fathers.
4-5%
7-8%
10-11%
12-13%
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Alcoholics anonymous (aa) is an example of _____ therapy.
Antidepressant drug
Self-help
Depression.
Atypical
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-help
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A way to abbreviate need for power is ________.
NPow
NAch
NEEP
NAff
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A telemarketer is working according to a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Answer
Correct Answer:
Variable ratio
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A baby's language, which consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations, is called _______.
Cooing
Holophrasing
Telegraphic speech
Babbling
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______________ is the time that an individual cannot control totally by himself or herself.
Discretionary time
Interdependent activities
Time displacement
Non discretionary
Answer
Correct Answer:
Non discretionary
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As a general rule, axons convey information ____.
To surrounding glia
away from their own cell body
toward dendrites of their own cell
Toward their own cell body
Answer
Correct Answer:
away from their own cell body
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In muzafer sherif's robber's cave experiment, _______________ led to cooperation.
Reciprocally fulfilling perceptions
The tragedy of the commons
The formation of superordinate goals
International, intergroup, interpersonal
Answer
Correct Answer:
The formation of superordinate goals
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In __________ conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a well-established cs.
Conditioned (CS)
Pseudoconditioning
Simple conditioning
All of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conditioned (CS)
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With respect to freud's model of the mind, pleasure is to reality as _____ is to _____.
Id; ego
Laboratory research
Working
Insight
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Wilhelm wundt was the founder of _____, whereas william james was the founder of _____.
Structuralism/behaviorism
Behaviorism/functionalism
Functionalism/behaviorism
Structuralism/functionalism
Answer
Correct Answer:
Structuralism/functionalism
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When capable of concrete operational thought, children _____.
The answer to this question
Should emphasize increased activity
Can apply their reasoning to real situations
Addition can be used to undo subtraction
Answer
Correct Answer:
Can apply their reasoning to real situations
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Visual information from the retina is carried by ________ to the ________.
At rest, the membrane potential of a rod outer segment is about -30 mV.
Subventricullar zone and dentate gyrus
Retina, Cerebral Cortex, Hypothalamus, Olfactory Bulb
Ganglion cell axons; thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
Answer
Correct Answer:
Ganglion cell axons; thalamic dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus
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For the ________, the self is pure being.
Phenomenologist
Pragmatism
Phenomenology
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Phenomenologist
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________ signal information regarding _________.
Temperature
Vibration
Events that damage the skin
Pressure
Answer
Correct Answer:
Temperature
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Ratio schedules involve the _____ behaviors needed for a reward.
Number of
Peer group
In-group
Reference group
Answer
Correct Answer:
Number of
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Zimbardo's stanford prison study was an example of a(n) _____ study.
Simulation
Research for the treatment of human disease.
Use as a source of food
Risk & benefits
Answer
Correct Answer:
Simulation
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Your textbook author views ________ as an indispensable use of animals.
Research for the treatment of human disease.
Use as a source of food
Risk & benefits
None
Answer
Correct Answer:
Research for the treatment of human disease.
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Y can be most accurately predicted from x if the correlation between x and y is _________.
-0.98
0.98
0.62
1.98
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Greg is 5 feet three inches tall and weighs 260 pounds. greg is ________.
Normal
Anorexic
Obese
Over-weight
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A person's ""cultural identity""____.
Always reflects a single primary culture
Always reflects multiple cultural influences on a single individual
May reflect the influence of multiple cultures in one individual
Is only found in collectivistic cultures
Answer
Correct Answer:
May reflect the influence of multiple cultures in one individual
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________ can be used to assess ________.
Reliability; Statistical analyses
Validity statistical analyses; Statistical analyses
Statistical analyses; reliability
Validity; reliability
Answer
Correct Answer:
Statistical analyses; reliability
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_______ are specific behaviors used to deal with a stressful situation.
Primary appraisals
Secondary appraisals
Escape strategies
Coping strategies
Tertiary appraisals
Answer
Correct Answer:
Coping strategies
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_____ occurs when an individual sees others perform certain behaviors and get rewarded for them.
Vicarious learning
Self-efficacy
Self-reinforcement
Delegation
Experiential learning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Vicarious learning
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_____ is the tendency to be highly critical of oneself and of others.
Agreeableness
Extraversion
Negative affectivity
Affiliation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Negative affectivity
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_________ is one characteristic that would describe an organization without positive ob.
Single-minded focus on winning
Humility
Resilience
Compassion
Answer
Correct Answer:
Single-minded focus on winning
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During interrogation of a suspect, openly physical brutality was _____ prior to 1930.
Generally avoided
Sometimes approved
Frequently used
Rarely used
Answer
Correct Answer:
Frequently used
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Changes in behavior associated with learning may be due _______.
Experience
Performance
None of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Experience
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The original purpose for the founding of the psychological corporation was to ____.
Bolster the public image of psychologists after Cattell's public dalliance with the occult
Bolster the public image of psychologists after Cattell's termination for disloyalty to the United States in World War I
Take revenge on G. Stanley Hall, who Cattell detested
Create a corporation that would publish Cattell's many books and journals
Deliver applied psychological services
Answer
Correct Answer:
Deliver applied psychological services
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______ attempts to view behavior without disturbing the environment.
Naturalistic observation
Controlled observation
Restricted design research
Experimental research
Answer
Correct Answer:
Naturalistic observation
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A reinforcer that is reinforcing in and of itself is called a ________ reinforcer.
Positive reinforcer
Negative reinforcer
Primaryreinforcer
Secondary reinforcer
Answer
Correct Answer:
Primaryreinforcer
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A ____ is best described as any unlearned response triggered by a specific form of stimulation.
Reflex
Thought
Theory of mind
Memory
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________ refers to the effect of unpleasant and undesirable stressors.
Acute stress
Eustress
Distress
Catastrophic stress
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A simple association forms between two events when ___________.
The two events occur together
Each of the two events is associated with a reward
Only when the relationship between them makes sense
Only when the events result in an orienting response
Answer
Correct Answer:
The two events occur together
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A prototype includes ________ in a category. an exemplar includes ________ in the category.
The most typical concept; all examples of concepts
The least typical concept; the most typical concept
Only stereotypical concepts; the least typical concept
All examples of concepts; only stereotypical concepts
Answer
Correct Answer:
The most typical concept; all examples of concepts
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A __________ reinforcer is any reward that naturally increases the frequency of a target behavior.
Primary
Negative
Positive
Secondary
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According to jung, all of the following are distinct aspects of the total personality except _____.
Ego
Collective conscious
Personal unconscious
Collective unconscious
Answer
Correct Answer:
Collective conscious
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A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fixed interval
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According to the text, deviant behavior is ________.
Violates the law.
Is considered deviant by the police and officials of society
All of the above are correct.
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above are correct.
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According to gardner, intelligence can be measure by a person having _____.
The ability to create or find solutions to problems by gathering new knowledge
The ability to create a valued product or service
Skills that allow them to solve problems in life
All of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above
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A person who __________ is most likely to emerge as the leader of a group.
Doesn't say much
Is dogmatic
Cracks a lot of jokes
Helps the group succeed
Answer
Correct Answer:
Helps the group succeed
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A focus on how we learn observable responses is most relevant to the _____ perspective.
Cross-cultural
Biological
Behavioral
Cognitive
Answer
Correct Answer:
Behavioral
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A _____ is a group of people born in a specified, limited span of years (e.g., the 1960s).
Cohort
Age grade
Cross sectional
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_____, a third element of observational learning, is the process of imitating the model's actions.
Attention
Motor reproduction
Motivation
Retention
Answer
Correct Answer:
Motor reproduction
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________ thinking is best when a problem has only one right answer.
Convergent
Human
Cognitive
Divergent
Answer
Correct Answer:
Convergent
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________ theory assumes that people are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
Communication accommodation
Reinforcements
Punishment
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reinforcements
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________ tended to believe that all human development is sexually motivated.
Sigmund Freud
Carl Jung
Erik erikson
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sigmund Freud
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One problem with smaller school class sizes is that _____.
The research supporting their advantages is mixed
Make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing
The research supporting their advantages is mixed
Communication accommodation
Answer
Correct Answer:
The research supporting their advantages is mixed
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According to the textbook, one purpose of the dsm is to ________, and a second is to ________.
Make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing
The research supporting their advantages is mixed
Communication accommodation
Reinforcements
Answer
Correct Answer:
Make psychiatric diagnosis more objective; facilitate insurance billing
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If your ________ was damaged, you might walk oddly and have trouble standing normally.
Amygdala
Cerebellum
Pons
Medulla
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cerebellum
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Exposure therapy is a ________ technique
Counter conditioning
Strengthen
Eliminate
Suppress but not eliminate
Answer
Correct Answer:
Counter conditioning
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People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.
1
2
3
4
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The perceiver, the context, and ___________________ all impact perception.
The target
Outliers
Stimuli
The situation
Limitations
Answer
Correct Answer:
The target
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Perceptions are ____________ to change once they are formed.
Difficult
Easy
Reaction
Reflection
Answer
Correct Answer:
Difficult
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Perception of a low tone is to ____ as perception of a high tone is to ____.
Volley principle; frequency theory
Frequency theory; place theory
Place theory; volley principle
Gate theory; frequency theory
Answer
Correct Answer:
Frequency theory; place theory
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Perception can cause ___________ errors as we explain events and problems.
Reaction
Reflection
Attribution acknowledgement
Answer
Correct Answer:
Attribution acknowledgement
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Decisions made through fast thinking are least likely to __________.
Challenge the existing situation
Generalization
Reaction
Reflection
Attribution acknowledgement
Answer
Correct Answer:
Challenge the existing situation
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In ____ conditioning, it is what comes ____ the behavior that is critical.
Operant; before
Operant; after
Classical; before
Classical; after
Answer
Correct Answer:
Operant; after
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Depression and bipolar disorder are categorized as __________ disorders.
Dissociative
Somatoform
Mood
Anxiety
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Negative reinforcement __________ responding; punishment __________ responding.
Increases; increases
Decreases; decreases
Increases; decreases
Decreases; increases
Answer
Correct Answer:
Increases; decreases
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Prejudice is an example of a conditioned __________ as a result of higher-order conditioning.
Emotional response
Learning
Cognition
Information processing
Answer
Correct Answer:
Emotional response
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Adding something good as a consequence of a behavior is called _____ reinforcement.
Positive
Negative
Both
None
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Cognitive representations and categorization are used in the _____ step of the perception process.
Selection
Organization
Interpretation
Attributional biases
Answer
Correct Answer:
Organization
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On average, the dramatic adolescent growth spurt occurs __________ earlier in girls than in boys
6 months
1 year
18 months
2 years
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In classical conditioning, the _____ elicits no response before conditioning.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Answer
Correct Answer:
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
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The relationship between loudness and frequency can be shown graphically using _____.
Equal loudness curves
Timbre resonance curves
Receiver operating characteristic curves
Fourier functions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Equal loudness curves
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Safety and self-actualization are examples of __________.
Credibility appeals
Emotional appeals
Persuasive appeals
Logical appeals
Answer
Correct Answer:
Emotional appeals
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According to research on sleep deprivation, a moderate amount of sleep loss ________.
Is still a serious problem
Is nothing serious
Can be an issue
Answer
Correct Answer:
Is still a serious problem
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Waking is to deep sleep as _____ waves are to _____ waves.
Beta; alpha
Theta; delta.
Alpha; beta
Answer
Correct Answer:
Beta; alpha
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Theory is to hypothesis as _____ is to _____.
Model; prediction
Beta; alpha
Theta; delta.
Alpha; beta
Answer
Correct Answer:
Model; prediction
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The key to motivation, according to maslow, is to identify ________.
A person's level in the needs hierarchy
Is still a serious problem
Is nothing serious
Can be an issue
Answer
Correct Answer:
A person's level in the needs hierarchy
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Infants are first able to recognize differences in speech sounds during the ________ stage.
One-word
Telegraphic
Babbling
Syntactic
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The instinct theory of human motivation was replaced by the ____.
Drive reduction theory
Using strong punishers
Withholding reinforcement of the punished behavior
Punishing immediately
Answer
Correct Answer:
Drive reduction theory
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All of the following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except _______.
Using strong punishers
Withholding reinforcement of the punished behavior
Punishing immediately
Increasing the reinforcer deprivation level
Answer
Correct Answer:
Increasing the reinforcer deprivation level
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The study of attribution is most closely associated with ____.
Conformity
Impression formation
Social influence
Persuasion
Answer
Correct Answer:
Impression formation
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The special case of presenting reinforcement after each response is called _____ reinforcement.
Continuous
Discontinuous
Social influence
Persuasion
Answer
Correct Answer:
Continuous
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The ratio between a person's height and weight is expressed as _____.
HWP
BMW
APGAR
BMI
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The psychologist _____ introduced the concept of internal versus external locus of control.
Ray Rosenman
Julian Rotter
Ellen Langer
Martin Seligman
Answer
Correct Answer:
Julian Rotter
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The psychodynamic model holds that abnormal behavior is the result of ________.
Obsessions ; compulsions
Depersonalization / derealization disorder ·
Ataque de nervios
Repressed thoughts, memories, and concerns
Answer
Correct Answer:
Repressed thoughts, memories, and concerns
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the development of a conditioned response is called ____.
Spontaneous recovery
Person-centered
Based on pure research rather than applied
All of the choices are correct.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Spontaneous recovery
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Rogers's approach is ____.
Experimental
Applicable to the noncriminal as well as the criminal
Person-centered
Based on pure research rather than applied
All of the choices are correct.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Person-centered
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Rescorla's modern concept of classical conditioning is based on the idea that _____
Positive or negative reinforcer
CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS.
Motivated to learn how to do the laundry
Unconditioned stimulus
Answer
Correct Answer:
CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS.
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When love develops slowly and is based on friendship, it is considered to be ________ love.
Companionate
Romantic
Passionate
Accommodation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Companionate
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When amphetamines are abused, the resulting effects may include ________.
Loss of appetite, nausea, high blood pressure, and vomiting
Increased appetite, sleepiness, and euphoria
Heart disease, high blood pressure, impaired circulation, and erectile problems in men
Restlessness, insomnia, muscle tension, heartbeat irregularities, and high blood pressure
Answer
Correct Answer:
Loss of appetite, nausea, high blood pressure, and vomiting
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We tend to focus our attention on stimuli that are ____________.
Novel and changing
Romantic
Passionate
Accommodation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Novel and changing
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Watson and raynor used _____ as a cs in order to condition fear in little albert.
A white rat
Romantic
Passionate
Accommodation
Answer
Correct Answer:
A white rat
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Walter cannon is to _____ as hans selye is to _____.
The fight-or-flight response; the general adaptation syndrome
Psychoneuroimmunology; biopsychosocial psychology
The general adaptation syndrome; the fight-or-flight response
Biopsychosocial psychology; psychoneuroimmunology
Answer
Correct Answer:
The fight-or-flight response; the general adaptation syndrome
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Using existing records to try to answer a research question is known as ________.
Archival research
Longitudinal research
Answer
Correct Answer:
Archival research
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Using attractive models to sell products is an application of _____ conditioning.
Classical
Operant
Archival research
Longitudinal research
Answer
Correct Answer:
Classical
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University grades are used to assess the ________ of college entrance exams such as the sat.
Predictive validity
Archival research
Longitudinal research
Answer
Correct Answer:
Predictive validity
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Type a personality is to type b personality as _____ is to _____.
Epinephrine; norepinephrine
Obesity; cancer
Time-conscious; competitive
Irritable; calm
Answer
Correct Answer:
Irritable; calm
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To use behavior modification, you first have to identify a _____
Reinforcer.
Punishment.
Target behavior.
Reinforceable behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
Target behavior.
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To understand a child's development of gender attitudes and roles, behaviorists stress _____.
Reinforcement
Punishment
Both A & B
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both A & B
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To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule.
CS + UCS; continuous
Obesity; cancer
Time-conscious; competitive
Irritable; calm
Answer
Correct Answer:
CS + UCS; continuous
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To be considered a depressant, a drug must ________ mental activity and ________ physical activity.
Decrease;decrease
Increase ; decrease
Increase; increase
Decrease ; increase
Answer
Correct Answer:
Decrease;decrease
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Thorndike was known for his work with ______.
A puzzle box
Reinforcer.
Punishment.
Target behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
A puzzle box
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There are two subgroups of anorexia. they are ____.
Anxious and depressive
Binge-eating/purging and binge-eating alone
Binge-eating/purging and restricting
Anorexia and anorexia nervosa
Answer
Correct Answer:
Binge-eating/purging and restricting
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The two-word stage of language development typically begins at the age of ________ months.
6
10
24
36
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The phenomenon known as the "digital divide" is __________.
Difference between poorer adolescents and members of minority
Groups who have less access to computers and more affluent
Adolescents, most of whom have access to computers.
All of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these
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The number of operant procedures indicated in the contingency square is ______.
Two
Four
Six
Nine
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The notion that behaviors with desirable outcomes will likely be repeated is part of _____
The law of effect
Reinforcer.
Punishment.
Target behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The law of effect
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The most important consequence of functionalism was ____.
The development of clinical psychology
The replacement of experimentalism
The development of applied psychology
The introduction of evolution
The status it gave to pragmatism
Answer
Correct Answer:
The development of applied psychology
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The major detrimental difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures is _____.
Which needs and goals are emphasized
Exhibit less conflict
Show democratic leadership
Have fewer members
Answer
Correct Answer:
Which needs and goals are emphasized
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The interstitial nucleus 3 of the anterior hypothalamus is known to be more than ____.
As large in heterosexual men as in women
Twice as large in heterosexual men as in women
Thrice as large in heterosexual men as in women
Answer
Correct Answer:
Twice as large in heterosexual men as in women
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The hippocampus helps process ________ memories for long-term storage.
Procedural
Explicit
Procedural
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The group of individuals actually studied is called the _____
Epresentative sample.
Sample.
Study sample
Target sample.
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The gestalt psychologists were most interested in the _____ of perception.
Organization
Color
Answer
Correct Answer:
Organization
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The fundamental attribution error occurs more often in ________ cultures.
Collectivist
Western
Asian
Interdependent
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The fundamental attribution error is more common in ___________ than it is in ___________.
Males; females
Females; males
Individualistic United States culture; East Asian cultures
East Asian cultures; individualistic European countries
Answer
Correct Answer:
Individualistic United States culture; East Asian cultures
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The foundation of cognitive theory is _____.
A person's thoughts and attitudes
Collectivist
Western
Asian
Interdependent
Answer
Correct Answer:
A person's thoughts and attitudes
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The formula currently used for calculating the correlation coefficient was developed by ____.
Pearson
Cattell
Galton
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The critical factor in deindividuation is _____.
Loss of self-esteem
Anonymity
Identity diffusion
Group coagulation ...
Answer
Correct Answer:
Anonymity
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The correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when ________.
It is closest to 0
It is closest to -1
It is positive
It is negative
Answer
Correct Answer:
It is closest to -1
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The corpus callosum _____.
Is the large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres and relays information between the two sides
Is the region of the brain that is primarily responsible for managing our emotions
Is the region of the brain that is primarily responsible for managing our thinking, reasoning, and logic skills
Plays an important role in the production of speech
Answer
Correct Answer:
Is the large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres and relays information between the two sides
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The constructive view of perception is to the direct view of perception as ______ is to _______.
Optical flow; texture gradients.
Texture gradients; optical flow.
Top-down; bottom-up.
Bottom-up; top-down.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Top-down; bottom-up.
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The central route to persuasion is to ________ as the peripheral route is to ________.
When groups work together to achieve common goals, prejudice is decreased.
People are more likely to be evil when personal responsibility is removed.
Jenna is unsure how to relate to this politician, and tends to prefer her own party politicians.
Uses facts to present the message; appeals to the audience's emotions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Uses facts to present the message; appeals to the audience's emotions
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The bobo doll studies of aggression demonstrated that ________.
Learning can occur vicariously through observation
Children will imitate positive but not negative behaviors
Changing efficacy expectations can facilitate behavioral change
Expectancies vary across situations
Answer
Correct Answer:
Learning can occur vicariously through observation
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The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion
Can perform miracles
Are being cheated
Are being followed
All of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these
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The average performance of a large sample of children of a given age is called __________.
Norm.
Oral
Anonymity
Identity diffusion
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The average child knows about _____ words at age 2 and more than _____ at age 6.
500; 10,000
300; 1,100
450; 12,000
10,000; 15,000
Answer
Correct Answer:
500; 10,000
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The age at which a baby was weaned would have most impact on the ________ stage.
Oral
Loss of self-esteem
Anonymity
Norm.
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The action of neurotransmitters is ________ by agonists and is ________ by antagonists.
Help, hinder
Less, greater
Greater,greater
Greater,less
Answer
Correct Answer:
Help, hinder
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The __________ perspective emphasizes the social contexts in which people live.
Societal
Sociological
Natural sciences
Ethnocentric
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sociological
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The ________ integrates the components that comprise the emotion of fear.
Amygdala
Sociological
Natural sciences
Ethnocentric
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The _____ functions as the main link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.
Hypothalamus
Sociological
Natural sciences
Ethnocentric
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hypothalamus
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"the _____ birth order effect refers to a factor associated with sexual orientation.
Fraternal
Sociological
Natural sciences
Ethnocentric
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fraternal
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Systematic desensitization is based on the idea that ________ facilitates the elimination of fear.
Relaxation.
Sociological
Natural sciences
Ethnocentric
Answer
Correct Answer:
Relaxation.
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System 2 thinking is driven by _____________ and is typically ______________.
Intuitive, Fast
Conscious, Slow
In a group; less
Alone; less
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conscious, Slow
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Stage ________ of nrem sleep represents the beginning of actual sleep.
Four
Two
One
Three
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Self-__________ is a key feature of integrity.
Acceptance
Realization
Report
Handicapping
Answer
Correct Answer:
Acceptance
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"rosa parks is a good example of the power of _____ in reducing obedience.
Disobedient models.
Acceptance
Realization
Report
Answer
Correct Answer:
Disobedient models.
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"respondent behavior is defined as a(n) ________ response to some stimulus.
Novel
Operant
Automatic
Generalized
Answer
Correct Answer:
Automatic
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"resistance to stress is greatest during ________ of the general adaptation syndrome.
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 1.
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Research on brainstorming reveals that people working _______ will generate _______ good ideas.
Alone; more
In a group; less
Alone; less
In a group; more
Answer
Correct Answer:
Alone; more
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Recent research suggests that rem sleep _____.
Is important for consolidating new memories and learning
Is necessary for both mammals and non-mammals
Cannot be "recaptured" if you miss several nights in a row
All of these options
Answer
Correct Answer:
Is important for consolidating new memories and learning
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random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.
Correlational studies; case studies
Surveys; experiments
Illusory correlation; control group
Replication; correlation
Description; prediction
Answer
Correct Answer:
Surveys; experiments
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Psychology is most importantly rooted in ________.
Scientific research
Hypnosis
Meditation
Mindful awareness
Answer
Correct Answer:
Scientific research
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"psychologists who examine learning from a behavioral perspective define learning as _____.
The result of mental activities such as thinking and reasoning.
The relatively stable, observable changes in a person’s actions.
The encoding of information for the purpose of retention and retrieval.
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into a problem
Answer
Correct Answer:
The relatively stable, observable changes in a person’s actions.
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Psychologist lawrence kohlberg found that __________ is relatively rare.
Preconventional reasoning
A lack of morality
Postconventional morality
Conventional morality
Answer
Correct Answer:
Postconventional morality
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Psychodynamic therapy is ____ than traditional psychoanalysis.
Less effective
Briefer
More expensive
Less commonly used
Answer
Correct Answer:
Less effective
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Psychoanalytic theories contend that _____ underlie human behavior
Unconscious needs
Learned associations
A history of reinforcements and punishments
Instincts inherited from ancestors
Answer
Correct Answer:
Unconscious needs
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Positive punishers _____ behavior, and negative punishers _____ behavior.
Weaken; weaken
Strengthen; weaken
Weaken; strengthen
Strengthen; strengthen
Answer
Correct Answer:
Weaken; weaken
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Personality inventories are to _____ as projective tests are to _____.
Learned helplessness; Personality
Objective scoring; subjective scoring
React violently; The self-serving bias
Subjective scoring; Objective scoring
Answer
Correct Answer:
Objective scoring; subjective scoring
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Partial reinforcement occurs when _____.
A reward is only partially reinforcing
Rewards are alternated with punishment
Some, but not all, correct responses are rewarded
Some correct and some incorrect responses are rewarded
Answer
Correct Answer:
Some, but not all, correct responses are rewarded
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Our sense of taste works when food molecules are ________.
Presented in pure form so that only one basic taste is involved
Combined so that four basic tastes are present
Chewed in the absence of saliva
Dissolved in saliva in our mouths
Answer
Correct Answer:
Dissolved in saliva in our mouths
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Operant conditioning works on _________ behaviors, where learning occurs based on _________.
Voluntary ; reinforcement
Objective scoring; subjective scoring
React violently; The self-serving bias
Subjective scoring; Objective scoring
Answer
Correct Answer:
Voluntary ; reinforcement
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One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist.
Associate's
Bachelor's
Master's
Doctoral
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One feature of obsessions that creates anxiety for an individual is their __________.
Extreme specificity
Intrusive nature
Startle value
Rapid onset
Answer
Correct Answer:
Intrusive nature
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One biological basis for addiction involves brain activity in the ________ reward system.
Dopamine
Leptin
Cortisol
Ghrelin
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Older adulthood emotional experience is characterized by ________ emotions than in young adulthood.
More positive
Less intense
Fewer negative
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fewer negative
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Observational learning is to latent learning as _____ is to _____.
Bandura; Tolman
Decreases; increases
Decreases; decreases
Increases; dereases
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bandura; Tolman
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Most researchers who study the role of race and iq testing have concluded that ______________.
There are strong genetically based differences between ethnic and racial groups in the area of IQ test performance.
Although differences between ethnic and racial groups on standardized IQ tests may be demonstrated, the more likely factor in this difference is environmental.
The issue should not be studied because of its disruptive nature to society.
IQ tests are so strongly biased against certain racial groups because of the political pressure that exists to create such biased tests.
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Although differences between ethnic and racial groups on standardized IQ tests may be demonstrated, the more likely factor in this difference is environmental.
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Most phobias are explained by _____.
Personality defects
Latent learning
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Classical conditioning
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Measurement bias caused by observer expectations can be avoided by using _______ observers.
Naive
Penalty
Withdrawal
Subtraction
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Many fear responses are acquired through the process of _______ conditioning.
Classical
Primary
Temporary
Secondary
Answer
Correct Answer:
Classical
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Lydia finds that she often thinks about killing herself. this is called _____.
Parasuicide
Self-destructive behavior
Deliberate suicide
Suicide ideation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Suicide ideation
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Lsd affects ________ neurotransmission.
Dopamine
Serotonin
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine
Answer
Correct Answer:
Serotonin
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Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________.
Deception
Observation
Attrition
Generalization
Answer
Correct Answer:
Attrition
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Kohler demonstrated aha! or insight behavior with ______________.
Chimpanzees
Deception
Observation
Attrition
Answer
Correct Answer:
Chimpanzees
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Internal push is to external pull as ________ is to ________.
Incentive; set point
Homeostasis; drive reduction
Instinct; need
Need; drive
Need; incentive
Answer
Correct Answer:
Need; incentive
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In sternberg's terms, _____ intelligence drives one's ability to adjust to different environments.
Logical
Creative
Practical
Analytical
Answer
Correct Answer:
Practical
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In real life, behavior is probably most often reinforced by _____ reinforcement.
Partial
Logical
Creative
Practical
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In his study of prison life, zimbardo used __________ to play the roles of guards and prisoners.
College students
Unconditioned responses
Conditioned responses
Unconditioned stimuli
Answer
Correct Answer:
College students
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In general, a social schema could most accurately be described as __________.
Rigid
Permanent
Concrete
Malleable
Answer
Correct Answer:
Malleable
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In __________ reinforcement, the reinforcer follows every correct response.
Intermittent
Partial
Negative
Continuous
Answer
Correct Answer:
Continuous
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In _____ reinforcement, only some instances of behavior are reinforced.
Negative
Partial
Secondary
Higher order
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If conditioning has taken place, the neutral stimulus becomes the ____.
Conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned response
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conditioned stimulus
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Hunger is described well by drive theories of motivation because hunger ____.
Helps maintain homeostasis in the body
Is influenced by learning and cultural factors
Is a secondary motive
Is instinctual
Answer
Correct Answer:
Helps maintain homeostasis in the body
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Humanistic therapy attempts to help people __________.
Understand the link between their hormones and behavior
Discover their unresolved traumas and conflicts
Develop their individuality and realize their full potential
Realize what unconscious motives influence their behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
Develop their individuality and realize their full potential
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Human kinship is to the _______ perspective as social diversity is to the _______ perspective.
Evolutionary; cultural
Cognitive; psychoanalytical
Humanistic; cultural
Biological; humanistic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Evolutionary; cultural
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Researchers assigns the following number scale to high school classes: 1 = Freshman 2 = Sophomores 3 = Juniors 4 = Seniors for this study, the researcher is analyzing data by using __________ measures.
Experimental
Qualitative
Quantitative
Naturalisti
Answer
Correct Answer:
Quantitative
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For most people, money and praise are _____ reinforcers.
Secondary
Primary
Water
Sex
Money
Answer
Correct Answer:
Secondary
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Food is considered a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is a secondary reinforcer.
Water
Sex
Money
None of the above
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Following erikson's lead, ______ distinguished four identity statuses.
Marcia
Skinner
Baumrind
Freud
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Feedback is more likely to be destructive than constructive when it is ____.
Immediate
Judgmental
Influenced by situational contexts
Problem-oriented
Focused on specific behaviors
Answer
Correct Answer:
Judgmental
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Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity ________.
Its own sake
External reward
To relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation
In order to increase one's competence and skills
Answer
Correct Answer:
External reward
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Extrinsic motivation is based on _____.
The desire for rewards or threats of punishment
The arousal motive
The achievement motive
All of these options
Answer
Correct Answer:
The desire for rewards or threats of punishment
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Extinction is the most difficult to use with ___________ maintained behaviors.
Automatically
The arousal motive
The achievement motive
All of these options
Answer
Correct Answer:
Automatically
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Exercise does all of the following except _____.
Reduce blood pressure
Strengthen the heart and lungs
Make depression less likely
Make serious illness more likely
Answer
Correct Answer:
Make serious illness more likely
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Ethnocentrism in research refers to _____.
The belief that a typical behavior in one's culture is typical of all cultures
Negative stereotypes about minorities
Socioeconomic differences
Cultural biases in IQ tests
Answer
Correct Answer:
The belief that a typical behavior in one's culture is typical of all cultures
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Ethnic group differences in iq scores can be due to _____.
Negative stereotypes about minorities
Socioeconomic differences
Cultural biases in IQ tests
All of these options
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cultural biases in IQ tests
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Depersonalization ______, while derealization ______.
Refers to oneself: refers to the external world
Refers to the external world; refers to oneself
Schizotypal personality disorder; refers to the external world
Hippocampus; refers to the external world
Answer
Correct Answer:
Refers to oneself: refers to the external world
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Deception is sometimes used in psychological research in order to _____.
Protect participants from being harmed
Prevent sample bias, ethnocentric bias, and experimenter bias
Protect the public from unpleasant research realities
Create a realistic situation with genuine reactions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Create a realistic situation with genuine reactions
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Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans would ________.
Disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.
Block conductance between the bundle branches and the Purkinje fibers.
Have a negative effect on peripheral resistance.
Have a direct effect on blood pressure monitors in the aorta
Answer
Correct Answer:
Disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions.
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Damage to the ________ would most likely interfere with a person's memory of how to play the piano.
Basal ganglia
Increase
Menarche
Decrease
Answer
Correct Answer:
Basal ganglia
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Crystallized intelligence tends to _____.
Estrogen
Increase
Menarche
Decrease
Menopause
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Contemporary psychologists are most likely to consider ________ to be a human instinct.
Infant sucking
Curiosity
The need to belong
Religious ritual
The experience of flow
Answer
Correct Answer:
Infant sucking
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Concrete operational thought involves applying __________ to concrete problems.
Logical operations.
Observational learning
Voluntary learning
Associative learning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Logical operations.
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Children are helped by ________ to develop a theory of mind.
Pontaneous recovery
Mirror neurons
Instinctive drift
Operant chambers
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mirror neurons
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Changing prejudice through principles of pavlovian conditioning is called __________.
Higher-order conditioning.
Counterconditioning
Evaluative conditioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Evaluative conditioning
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An example of a discriminative stimulus might be a ________________.
Stop sign
The white rat in Watson's Little Albert study of producing phobias
The stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stop sign
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According to the expectancy theory, _____ is the link between performance and outcome.
Instrumentality
Expectancy
Motivation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Instrumentality
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According to social identity theory, individuals view their own group favorably so as to ________.
Think of themselves more favorably
Expand the boundaries of social categorization
Create prejudice toward members of the other group
Promote their out-group
Answer
Correct Answer:
Think of themselves more favorably
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According to albert bandura, ________.
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
Fear is a conditioned response.
Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals.
Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement
Answer
Correct Answer:
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
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A(n) __________ of your dream is a vivid mental image of your chosen destination.
Visualization
Allele
Chromosome
Epigenetic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Visualization
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A(n) ________ is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of dna.
Allele
Chromosome
Epigenetic
Mutation
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A(n) _____ is a measure of what an individual has learned up to a certain point in his/her life.
Achievement test
Valid test
Reliability test
Answer
Correct Answer:
Achievement test
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____ is the capacity to think about thinking.
Postcognition
Precognition
Metacognition
None
Answer
Correct Answer:
Metacognition
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Researchers typically stress that a key aspect of intelligence is ________.
The ability to speak different languages
The Y chromosome
The ability to adapt to new situations
Only accurate for males
Answer
Correct Answer:
The ability to adapt to new situations
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Relativistic thinking is best associated with the _____ stage of development.
Concrete operations
Formal operations
Postformal
Preoperationa
Answer
Correct Answer:
Postformal
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A cross section of the spinal cord indicates that gray matter is ____.
Densely packed with myelinated axons
Composed mostly of unmyelinated axons
Densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
Composed only of dendrites
Answer
Correct Answer:
Densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
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With regard to cognitive development, piaget argued that _____ is more revealing than _____.
How children think; what they know
Densely packed with myelinated axons
Composed mostly of unmyelinated axons
Densely packed with cell bodies and dendrites
Answer
Correct Answer:
How children think; what they know
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In the united states, ____ americans tend to score highest on intelligence tests.
Asian
African
Cuban
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In ________ , an individual's response leads to a reinforcer or punishment.
Pavlovian conditioning
Classical conditioning
Instrumental conditioning
Consequential conditioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Instrumental conditioning
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Glucose levels in the blood are _____ related to feelings of hunger.
Inversely
Not
Positively
Perfectly
Answer
Correct Answer:
Inversely
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George kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes that individuals ________.
Construct reality through neurotic distortions
Build an authentic existence through the acceptance of personal responsibility
Construct a hierarchy of needs that motivates behavior
Build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world
Answer
Correct Answer:
Build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world
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Conditioning seldom occurs when a ________ comes after a(n) _____.
CS; US
UR; CS
Secondary reinforcer; operant behavior
Negative reinforcer; operant behavior
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Brain scans reveal that identical twins have very similar _____ matter volume.
White
Asian
African
Cuban
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Activation of the ________ nucleus of the amygdala elicits an emotional response.
Lateral
Medial
Cortical
Postero-lateral
Central
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A lack of conscience is most characteristic of those who have a(n) ________ disorder.
Dissociative
Antisocial personality
Dysthymic
Generalized anxiety
Obsessive-compulsive
Answer
Correct Answer:
Antisocial personality
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_____ seek out more stimulation than _____.
Reducers; augmenters
Augmenters; reducers
Narcissists; people with low self-esteem.
People with low self-esteem; narcissists
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reducers; augmenters
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Bandura states that traditional behaviorism requires that ________ for learning to occur
The organism be placed in an environmental chamber
The response be reinforced or punished during learning
Intentional memory be properly utilized
Behaviors be modeled by admired others
The desired behavior be verbally explained to the learner
Answer
Correct Answer:
The response be reinforced or punished during learning
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_____ about our situation refers to the cognitive part of the social-cognitive perspective.
Thinking
Explaining
Describing
None
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Just as it does in classical conditioning, _____ plays a key role in operant conditioning.
Contingency
Negative reinforcement
Secondary reinforcement
Negative punishment
Answer
Correct Answer:
Contingency
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One's ability to focus on a specific stimulus among many in the environment is called ___________.
Bottom-up processing
Selective attention
Inattentional blindness
Top-down processing
Answer
Correct Answer:
Selective attention
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During ____ information is always embellished.
Rehearsal
Elaboration
Metacognition
Combinatorial reasoning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Elaboration
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Discrimination is to _____ as prejudice is to _____.
Attitude; behavior
Thoughts; feelings
Feelings; thoughts
Behavior; feelings
Answer
Correct Answer:
Attitude; behavior
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Development is the result of _____, according to most developmental psychologists.
Nature and nurture acting together
Education level
Learning theory
Developmental theory
Answer
Correct Answer:
Nature and nurture acting together
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Darwin's ideas of evolution were not new. what was new about darwin's work was his ____.
Focus on lower animals
Idea of natural selection
Hard data to support such a theory
Idea of survival of the fittest
Work on emotions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hard data to support such a theory
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Conditions, such as phenylketonuria or sickle cell anemia, are produced by _____ abnormalities.
Chromosome
Sex-linked chromosome
Both sex-linked chromosome and gene-linked
Gene-linked
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gene-linked
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Cognitive therapy is to _____ as behavioral therapy is to _____.
Maladaptive learning; illogical patterns of thinking
Unconscious conflicts; conscious beliefs
Conscious beliefs; unconscious conflicts
Illogical patterns of thinking; maladaptive learning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Illogical patterns of thinking; maladaptive learning
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Classical conditioning is a form of _____.
Observational learning
Voluntary learning
Associative learning
Latent learning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Associative learning
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Circumstances that increase ________ are likely to reduce ________.
Anonymity; empathy
Anonymity; diffusion of responsibility
Self-awareness; deindividuation
Self-awareness; empathy
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-awareness; deindividuation
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Brain scans reveal that identical twins have very similar _____ and _____ matter volume.
Gray
White
Black
Blue
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Behaviorism is to ____ as social learning is to ____.
Tolman; Pavlov
Kohler; Skinner
Skinner; Bandura
Bandura; Pavlov
Answer
Correct Answer:
Skinner; Bandura
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Behavior that is conditioned with _____ reinforcement is _____ resistant to extinction.
Continuous; more
Partial; less
No; more
Partial; more
Answer
Correct Answer:
Partial; more
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Behavior is to mental processes as ________ is to ________.
Nature; nurture
Sensation; memory
Talking; understanding
Structuralism; functionalism
Answer
Correct Answer:
Talking; understanding
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Becoming an author enables you to form a(n)________.
Sense of purpose
Well-rounded personality
Intellectual identity
Narrative identity
Answer
Correct Answer:
Narrative identity
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Automatic processes require _____ attention.
Internal
Delta wave
Minimal
Unconscious
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Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.
Norms and roles
Superordinate goals
Beliefs and feelings
Dispositional attributions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Beliefs and feelings
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Attachment usually takes place within the __________ of life.
First year
First month
First six months
First four months
Answer
Correct Answer:
First six months
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Asthma is a disorder caused by _____ the airways.
Inflammation of
Enlargement of
Destruction of
Holes in
Answer
Correct Answer:
Inflammation of
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As we travel farther from the retina, neurons fire to _____.
More complex stimuli
Less complex stimuli
More intense stimuli
Less intense stimuli
Answer
Correct Answer:
More complex stimuli
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Another term for episodic memory is ____ memory.
Autobiographical
Ancestral
Sequential
Frame
Answer
Correct Answer:
Autobiographical
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An important example of conditioned taste aversions might be ________.
Chemotherapy patients losing their appetites for food served around the same time they had their treatments.
Farmers leaving out sheep meat laced with a nauseating substance for coyotes to find in hopes of teaching them not to eat sheep.
Both of these are examples of taste aversions.
Neither of these are examples of conditioned taste aversions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both of these are examples of taste aversions.
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An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________.
Stop sign
None of these
The white rat in Watson's Little Albert study of producing phobias
The stimulus that acts as a UCS in classical conditioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stop sign
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An example of a dependent variable in an experiment might be _____.
Level of depression
Blood type
Eye color
Gender
Answer
Correct Answer:
Level of depression
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All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder except _____.
Chronic feelings of emptiness
Paranoia
Hallucinations
Difficulty controlling anger
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hallucinations
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Adolescent egocentrism begins _____, and may increase again at the start of college.
In preschool
In middle childhood
At puberty
In late adolescence
Answer
Correct Answer:
At puberty
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Acquiring behavior is to maintaining behavior as _____ reinforcement is to _____ reinforcement.
Spontaneous recovery
Decreases; increases
Spontaneous recovery.
Continuous; partial
Answer
Correct Answer:
Continuous; partial
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Acetylcholine is the only neurotransmitter released by ____.
The sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic synapses
the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons
intrinsic neurons in the spinal cord
Intrinsic neurons of the hippocampus
Answer
Correct Answer:
the parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic axons
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According to the facial feedback hypothesis, expressing an emotion should ______.
Have no impact on it
Diminish it
Change it
Intensify it
Answer
Correct Answer:
Intensify it
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According to the authors, couples should be having sex ____ in order to maintain intimacy.
Passionate love
As often as they like
Having high self-esteem
A gay male pair
Answer
Correct Answer:
As often as they like
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According to sigmund freud, the _____ was the main determinant of personality development.
Need for self-actualization
Human sex drive
Collective unconscious
Endocrine system
Answer
Correct Answer:
Human sex drive
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According to helen fisher, _______________ has been found to stimulate feelings of attraction.
Dopamine
Status
Personality
None of these
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According to gestalt psychologists, we recognize objects in part by ____.
Understanding the function of an object
Integrating visual input with our other sense
Differentiating the gratings of an object
Dividing a scene into figure and ground
Answer
Correct Answer:
Dividing a scene into figure and ground
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According to freud, the _____ is the psychological force that represents a person's conscience.
Existential
Superego
Resistance
Fixation
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According to erikson, one key to successful intimacy in adulthood is to ____.
Have established a solid identity in adolescence
Be among the majority in forms of intimacy
Have had many relationships as a teenager
Spend time with family as well as peers
Answer
Correct Answer:
Have established a solid identity in adolescence
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According to erickson, adolescents face a crisis between ____________ as they develop.
Beer, wine, or hard liquor
Identity and role confusion
Are both positive and negative
A romantic experience
Answer
Correct Answer:
Identity and role confusion
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Accommodation occurs when new information _____.
Is used "as is"
Fits into an existing schema
Results in adjusting old or creating new schemas
Is taken in and used
Answer
Correct Answer:
Results in adjusting old or creating new schemas
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A(n) _____ is a strategy that guarantees a solution to a problem.
Subgoal
Algorithm
Heuristic
Fixation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Algorithm
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A(n) ____ is used to indicate how data should relate to a given search condition.
OR
Comparison
Comparison operator
Secondary
Answer
Correct Answer:
Comparison operator
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A working model, according to cognitive theory, _____.
Can never change
Is final
Can be reorganized
Is irrational
Answer
Correct Answer:
Can be reorganized
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A type of reference group is ________.
Membership
Aspirational
Avoidance
All of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above
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A trait within an organism that is present but not expressed is called __________.
Dominant trait
Genotype
Recessive trait
Chromosomes
Answer
Correct Answer:
Recessive trait
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A trait controlled by a dominant gene _______.
Be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different
Be expressed only if it is paired with two recessive genes
Not be expressed if it is paired with another dominant gene
Not be expressed when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different
Answer
Correct Answer:
Be expressed even when the corresponding gene in the other half of the pair is different
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A thermostat is to a house as the _____ is to the body.
Hypothalamus
Temporal lobes
Amygdala
Alcoholism
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hypothalamus
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A program that designates the rate or interval at which a response is reinforced is called a _____.
Stimulus generalization
Negative reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement
Conditioned response
Answer
Correct Answer:
Schedule of reinforcement
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A problem-solving strategy that is usually fast but also is error-prone is known as a(n) _____.
Heritability
Heuristic
Semantics
Genetic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Heuristic
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A person's understanding of the thoughts of other people is called _____.
Psychological schemata
Theory of mind
Self-schemes
Intuitive psychology
Answer
Correct Answer:
Theory of mind
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A discriminative stimulus is typically viewed as ________.
Something negative
A cue
Promoting punishment
A warning
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A classic work on reinforcement schedules is by _________ .
Darwin
Herrnstein
Ferster and Skinner
Abercrombie and Fitch
Answer
Correct Answer:
Ferster and Skinner
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A ____ represents the number of cycles that move by a fixed point each second.
Period
Frequency
Interval
Range
Answer
Correct Answer:
Frequency
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________ is to deindividuation as ________ is to self-awareness.
The Kennedy administration's decision to conduct the Bay of Pigs invasion
Groups tend to make riskier decisions than individuals.
Being open to outside criticism.
Wearing a mask; seeing oneself in a mirror
Answer
Correct Answer:
Wearing a mask; seeing oneself in a mirror
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________ is the process of filtering information received by our senses.
Personal identification
Social learning
Projection
Stereotyping
Answer
Correct Answer:
Projection
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________ are consequences that alter the likelihood of behaviors.
Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes
Discrimination and generalization
Rewards and punishments
Conditioned and unconditioned stimuli
Successive approximations
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rewards and punishments
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_____ theories of personality emphasize the development of personality early in life.
Rogers and Maslow.
Psychoanalytic
Projective
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Psychoanalytic
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_____ relates to intellectual capability and general intelligence.
Basic skills
Cognitive ability
Self-efficacy
Reading ability
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive ability
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_____ refers to the process of gathering information about the world through our senses.
Attention
Focus
Perception
Initiation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Perception
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_____ perspectives on personality emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious.
Humanistic
Psychodynamic
Social cognitive.
Trait
Answer
Correct Answer:
Psychodynamic
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_____ is an auditory phantom limb sensation.
Five.
Audition
Loudness.
Tinnitus
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_____ is an attitude whereas _____ is a behavior.
Embodied identity
African American men
Prejudice; discrimination
Symbolic interactionist
Answer
Correct Answer:
Prejudice; discrimination
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_____ is a quick way to collect data about the development of a large group of people.
The exosystem
Assimilation
Survey research
Equilibrium
Answer
Correct Answer:
Survey research
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_____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
Concepts
Semantics
Algorithms
Heuristics
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Aptitude tests are also called ____.
Specific ability tests
Cognitive ability tests
Personality tests
Work sample tests
Answer
Correct Answer:
Specific ability tests
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Research has indicated that ___________ is critical to rational thinking.
Stress
Process
Reasoning
Ethics
Emotion
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Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______.
Peoples susceptibility to clever advertising
The influences of the social world in which we exist
Abnormal behavior
Conformity
Answer
Correct Answer:
The influences of the social world in which we exist
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Narcolepsy occurs when ________
NREM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
Inadequate sleep occurs over a period of weeks
REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
Inadequate levels of stage 4 sleep cause neurological damage
Answer
Correct Answer:
REM sleep intrudes into wakefulness
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An individual who takes the "god helps those who help themselves" approach is _____.
Self-directing
Collaborative
Deferring
Pleading
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-directing
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Learning the consequences of one's behavior is the basis of ________ learning.
Deindividuation
Instrumental
Maintenance
Positive reinforcement
Answer
Correct Answer:
Instrumental
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Algorithm is to heuristic as _______ is to _______.
Right; wrong
Efficient; inefficient
Computers; humans
Science; math
Answer
Correct Answer:
Computers; humans
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Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age bluntness is to frontal lobe _____.
Cancer
Atrophy
Sectional
Meaningful
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Albert bandura is to self-efficacy as julian rotter is to __________.
Self-image
Locus of control
Personal freedom
Self confidence
Answer
Correct Answer:
Locus of control
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According to irving janis (1972, 1982), groupthink occurs when groups value ________ over ________.
Cohesiveness and solidarity; a realistic consideration of the facts
Strong leadership; weak leadership
Safety; accuracy
As many alternatives as possible; a common goal
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cohesiveness and solidarity; a realistic consideration of the facts
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_____ is a researcher of social influence who took advantage of the autokinetic phenomenon.
Solomon Asch
Abraham Maslow
Muzafer Sherif
Karen Horney
Answer
Correct Answer:
Muzafer Sherif
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The occipital lobe is to _____ as the temporal lobe is to _____.
Vision; somatosensory processing
Audition; vision
Somatosensory processing; audition
Vision; audition
Answer
Correct Answer:
Vision; audition
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The average new stepchild in a family is _____ years old.
Improve
60
9
Idk
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The hierarchy of needs theory of motivation stems from the _____ perspective in psychology.
Biological
Cognitive
Humanistic
Behavioral
Answer
Correct Answer:
Humanistic
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To study moral development kohlberg _____
Observed moral behavior in natural settings
Collected longitudinal data by observing changes in moral reasoning of subjects as they aged
Used archival data from newspapers regarding moral behavior
Collected cross-sectional data by asking subjects of various ages to respond to stories that depicted moral dilemmas
Answer
Correct Answer:
Collected cross-sectional data by asking subjects of various ages to respond to stories that depicted moral dilemmas
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According to sternberg, creative intelligence requires _____ thinking.
Divergent
Analytic intelligence
Practical intelligence
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Divergent
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Pooled resources and skills are ________________.
One advantage of working as individuals
One reason to avoid group work
One advantage of working as a group
Difficult to achieve
Answer
Correct Answer:
One advantage of working as a group
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Video games can currently be used to _____
Enhance spatial cognitive skills.
Fear can be learned via classical conditioning, and that fear can be generalized.
Tara takes an aspirin, and her headache begins to go away.
Observational learning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Enhance spatial cognitive skills.
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The choroid plexus ____.
Cushions the brain
Protects the brain from infection
Is another name for the ventricles
Forms the cerebrospinal fluid
Answer
Correct Answer:
Forms the cerebrospinal fluid
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A unique feature of industrial psychology is that it ________.
Considers issues of legality regarding discrimination in hiring
Emphasizes issues related to white collar crime
Focuses on employees rather than employers
Studies corporations as a gestalt enviornment
Answer
Correct Answer:
Considers issues of legality regarding discrimination in hiring
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Broca's area is to wernicke's area as _____ is to _____.
Filter out irrelevant acoustic information
Phoneme
Grammar-related deficits in production and comprehension.
Language production is to language comprehension
Answer
Correct Answer:
Language production is to language comprehension
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Scientific thinking is ________.
Based on experience and observation, and rationality
Based on experience
Observation
Rationality
Answer
Correct Answer:
Based on experience and observation, and rationality
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Traffic hassles are considered _______ stressors.
Minor
Eustress
Stress
None of these
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Psychological hardiness is characterized by all of the following except __________.
A belief that change is an opportunity for personal growth rather than
A threat to security a strong commitment to pursuit of life goals
An unyielding sense of self
An internal locus of control
Answer
Correct Answer:
An unyielding sense of self
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Preconventional morality is to postconventional morality as ________ is to ________.
Caring relationship; ethical principles
Self-interest; social approval
Social approval; self-interest
Self-interest; ethical principles
Rule-breaking; rule-following
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-interest; ethical principles
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Pavlov is to ________ as skinner is to ________
Operant conditioning; classical conditioning
Latent learning; observational learning
Observational learning; operant conditioning
Respondent behavior; operant behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
Respondent behavior; operant behavior
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Limbic system is to brainstem as _____ is to _____.
Thalamus and the amygdala.
Left temporal; left frontal
Serotonin; dopamine
Amygdala; pons
Answer
Correct Answer:
Amygdala; pons
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Ivan pavlov discovered __________ while conducting research on digestion in dogs.
Habituation
Unconditioned stimulus
Sensitization
Classical conditioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Classical conditioning
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In freud's theory, the id is to fun as the superego is to ________.
Genital
Guilt
Self concept
Oral
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In an electromagnetic wave, the electric field and magnetic fields __________.
Have no specific relationship to each other
Point in the same direction
Point in opposite directions
Are perpendicular to each other
Answer
Correct Answer:
Have no specific relationship to each other
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In a manipulative experiment ________.
Researchers manipulate the independent variable
Researchers manipulate as many variables as possible
Replication of the experiment is not necessary
The motive is economic gain
The peer review process is bypassed
Answer
Correct Answer:
Researchers manipulate as many variables as possible
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Id is to ego as ____ is to ___
Reality principle; pleasure principle
Pleasure principle; reality principle
Conscious forces; unconscious forces
Conscience;
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pleasure principle; reality principle
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Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as _____________.
Hassles
Catastrophies
Eustresses
Stressors
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stressors
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Dendrite is to ________ as axon is to _________.
Neurons
Signal reception; signal transmission
Dendrites to the cell body to the axon
Receive incoming signals from other neurons
Answer
Correct Answer:
Signal reception; signal transmission
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Coping strategies can be either ________-focused or ________-focused in nature.
Problem; emotion
Physiological; spiritual
Internally; externally
Distress; eustress
Situation; environment
Answer
Correct Answer:
Problem; emotion
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As the glomerular filtrate is formed, it flows from the bowman'capsule into the _____________.
Descending limb of the loop of Henle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Connecting tubule
Distal convoluted tubule
Answer
Correct Answer:
Proximal convoluted tubule
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An example of sternberg's practical intelligence is ________.
Academic achievement only
Knowing when to plant corn
Having interpersonal and emotional skills
Learning how to write clearly
Answer
Correct Answer:
Academic achievement only
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According to the two-factor theory, ________.
There exists a hierarchy of needs within every human being, and as each need is satisfied, the next one becomes dominant
Most employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it
Employees view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility
The aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction
Achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation
Answer
Correct Answer:
The aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction
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According to freud, your telephone number is stored at the _________ level.
Conscious.
Preconscious.
Subconscious.
Unconscious
Answer
Correct Answer:
Preconscious.
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Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________.
Evolution; natural selection
Behavior; mental process
Structuralism; functionlist
Nurture; Nature
Answer
Correct Answer:
Behavior; mental process
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Self-report personality measures _____.
Repression is the foundation for all of the psychological defense mechanisms.
Examine personal characteristics that are stable across situations
Directly ask the test-taker to respond to statements about himself or herself.
Problem-focused coping might involve coming up with goals and implementation intentions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Directly ask the test-taker to respond to statements about himself or herself.
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According to jean piaget, object permanence develops during the ________ stage.
Pre-operational stage
Sensory-motor stage
Formal operational stage
Concrete Operational stage
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sensory-motor stage
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________ frequently confirms our existing beliefs and prejudices, rather than challenging them.
Scientific psychology
Pseudoscience
Common sense
Empirical research
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pseudoscience
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Traditionally, immigrants had come to america for economic opportunity and_________.
Superior education.
Religious freedom.
Social equality.
Police protection
Answer
Correct Answer:
Religious freedom.
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The process of fulfilling one's potential is called _____.
Professional development
Self actualization
Career
Advancement
Goal driven behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self actualization
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Wilhelm wundt is to ____________, as william james is to __________.
Psychodynamic Psychologist
Termporal Lobe- Movements
Psychiatrist
Structualsim; Functionalsim
Answer
Correct Answer:
Structualsim; Functionalsim
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The last step in the problem-solving process is _____.
Find and Frame the problem
Rethink and Redefine problems and solutions over time
Teratogens have a wide-spread, not specific, effect
Adjusts their schemas to new information
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rethink and Redefine problems and solutions over time
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The ________ is a measure of ________.
Standard deviation; central tendency
Mean; variation
Median; central tendency
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Median; central tendency
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Piaget called the reasoning that characterizes adolescence _____.
Formal operational thought
Invincibility thinking
Metacognition
Concrete operational thinking
Answer
Correct Answer:
Formal operational thought
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Personality refers to ______.
Characteristic ways that people differ from one another
People's unconscious processes
The unique ways people learn behaviors
A person's feelings, thoughts, and attitudes
Answer
Correct Answer:
Characteristic ways that people differ from one another
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Circadian rhythms are _____.
Patterns that repeat themselves on a twice daily schedule
Physical and mental changes associated with the cycle of the moon
Rhythmical processes in your brain
Biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle
Answer
Correct Answer:
Biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle
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Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the ______.
Ever-changing model of behavior based on repetition
Organized response to a repeated stimulus
Voluntary response that diminishes over time
Link between two events in the environment
Answer
Correct Answer:
Link between two events in the environment
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Possible explanations for or solutions to a problem are termed as _____.
Bases
Mission statements
Hypotheses
Purpose statements
Problem statements
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hypotheses
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The idea that humans seek knowledge, but are not perfectly rational applies to the _____ metaphor.
Person as machine
Person as intentional
Person as judge
Person as scientist
Answer
Correct Answer:
Person as scientist
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The ability triangle includes _____.
Selection, Recruitment, Training
Performance management
Compensation
Organization development
Answer
Correct Answer:
Selection, Recruitment, Training
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The zeitgeist of 17th- to 19th-century europe and of the united states was marked by ____.
Scientific revolution
Political revolution
Determinism
Humanism
Mechanism
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mechanism
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The mental path by which some thought becomes active is known as _____.
Memory trace
Mental script
Activation node
Memory tag
Mental schema
Answer
Correct Answer:
Memory trace
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The mathematical approach to object recognition suggests that we ____.
Consolidate hues and saturation
Subtract background images
Analyze patterns of lines
Integrate gradients of light
Answer
Correct Answer:
Analyze patterns of lines
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The final exam in a calculus course would be an example of a(n) ________ test.
Aptitude
Achievement
Standardized
General intelligence
Answer
Correct Answer:
Achievement
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The computer metaphor is at the heart of the _____ perspective.
Cognitive
Psychodynamic
Behaviorist
Functionalist
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive
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New memories are _____; they need to be _____ if one wants to remember them.
Weak; exercised
Strong; rehearsed
Strong; applied
Misunderstood; practiced
Answer
Correct Answer:
Weak; exercised
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New concepts are best learned when they are connected to _____.
Personal and cultural experiences
Current events
A teacher directed curriculum
A child centered curriculum
Answer
Correct Answer:
Personal and cultural experiences
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Irrational and chaotic is to the _____ as rational and reality-oriented is to the _____.
Id; ego.
Id; superego.
Ego; superego.
Superego; id
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In the context of tracking, students are sorted based on _____.
Ability
Appearance
Past achievement
Religion
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In the context of creative thinking, _____ produces many solutions to the same problem.
Mental processes.
Teacher
Reliable; valid
Divergent thinker
Answer
Correct Answer:
Divergent thinker
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In researching cross-sex friendships, dr. danek has found that they are _____.
Common.
Rare.
Absent.
Atypical
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In recent decades, research has determined that piaget's theory was very useful in terms of ____.
Its ability to completely understanding infant cognitive development
Its overall description of infant cognitive development
Its theoretical explanation of infant cognitive development
Its explanation of object permanence
Answer
Correct Answer:
Its ability to completely understanding infant cognitive development
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Helen’s knowledge of calculus and statistics is a part of her _____ memory.
Semantic.
Episodic.
Prospective.
Implicit
Answer
Correct Answer:
Semantic.
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General knowledge of history, algebra, and literature refers to __________ memory.
Procedural
Episodic
General
Semantic
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An artificial or formal concept arises from _____.
The natural world or environment
Hypothesis testing and prototypes
Mental images or prototypes
Logical rules or definitions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Logical rules or definitions
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Along with maturation, piaget emphasized that cognitive development is driven by ____.
Information processing
The parents' efforts in helping the child understand his or her world
The rewards and punishments that shaped the child
The child's effort to understand and influence the surrounding environment
Answer
Correct Answer:
The child's effort to understand and influence the surrounding environment
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According to your textbook, the most important cure for test anxiety is _____.
Deep breathing
An aerobic workout
Meditation
Advance preparation and hard work
Answer
Correct Answer:
Advance preparation and hard work
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According to the _____ model, dreams have no meaning.
Neurocognitive
Dopamine; seratonin
Methamphetamine
Activation-synthesis
Answer
Correct Answer:
Activation-synthesis
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According to piaget, when a scheme is modified based on some experience, ____ has occurred.
Assimilation
Animism
Accommodation
Egocentrism
Answer
Correct Answer:
Accommodation
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According to perry, reflective judgment begins to develop for most people ____.
In their early teens
Around age 30
Around age 20
In their late 20s
Answer
Correct Answer:
Around age 20
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According to locke, simple ideas become complex ideas through the process of ____.
Association
Deductive logic
Sensing primary qualities
Reflection
Recombination
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reflection
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_____ occurs when a group member is more interested in winning an argument than solving a problem.
Framing
Goal displacement
Groupthink
Satisficing
Answer
Correct Answer:
Goal displacement
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The gestalt principles of organization ____.
Are present in the stimuli themselves
Depend on higher mental processes
Did not receive research support
Are central factors
Depend on past experiences
Answer
Correct Answer:
Are present in the stimuli themselves
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The dsm-iv-tr is most clearly designed to ________ psychological disorders.
Explain
Classify
Cure
Prevent
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Most tissues in the body are under _______ control.
Skeletal
Smooth
Cardiac
Nervous
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In the structure of the neuron, the __________ receives messages from other cells.
Myelin sheath
Dendrite
Acetylcholine
Myelin
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In the nervous system, the job of the axons is to ________ other neurons.
One or two other neurons.
A random subset of the other neurons in the nervous system.
Many other neurons in an organized network.
All of the other neurons in the nervous system
Answer
Correct Answer:
Many other neurons in an organized network.
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Pruning is the process by which _____.
Brain centers are rewired following localized brain damage
The left hemisphere specializes for language processing
The frontal lobe disengages from the prefrontal cortex
Unused connections between neurons are eliminated
Answer
Correct Answer:
Unused connections between neurons are eliminated
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Unsupervised data mining is particularly good at identifying ____.
Association or affinity patterns
Sequence patterns
Predictive patterns
Data clusters
All of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Association or affinity patterns
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Using heuristics in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________.
Requiring minimal thinking; not always working
Not always working; requiring minimal thinking
Always working; requiring effortful thinking
Requiring effortful thinking; always working
Answer
Correct Answer:
Requiring minimal thinking; not always working
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An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is ________.
The heuristic can make better use of time
The heuristic ensures
The heuristic takes longer and is more accurate
The heuristic always works the same way
Answer
Correct Answer:
The heuristic ensures
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Using algorithms in decision making has the advantage of ________ and the disadvantage of ________.
Requiring minimal thinking; not always working
Not always working; requiring minimal thinking
Always working; requiring effortful thinking
Requiring effortful thinking; always working
Answer
Correct Answer:
Always working; requiring effortful thinking
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People with very high maximizer scores tend to be ____.
Highly successful and happy
Committed to their jobs and their partners
Less happy and more prone to depression
Satisfied with their daily lives
Answer
Correct Answer:
Less happy and more prone to depression
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Neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system include __________.
Ependymal cells and satellite cells
Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
Satellite cells and Schwann cells
Answer
Correct Answer:
Satellite cells and Schwann cells
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Mental models are _____ that guide perceptions and behavior.
Stereotypes
Forms of punishment
Self-fulfilling prophecies
Internal representations of the external world
Action learning practices
Answer
Correct Answer:
Internal representations of the external world
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs model begins with ________ needs and ends with ________ needs.
Physiological; self-actualization
Physiological needs
Performance
They are independent
Answer
Correct Answer:
Physiological; self-actualization
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Focus on research is to focus on practice as _____ is to _____.
PsyD; PhD
MS; PhD
PhD; PsyD
PsyD; MS
Answer
Correct Answer:
PhD; PsyD
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An advantage of group therapy is that it ___________.
Can only be used alone and not in combination with any other form of therapy
Can provide help to individuals who may be unable to afford individual psychotherapy
Can be helpful to individuals who are uncomfortable in social situations
Can be helpful to those who have difficulty speaking in public
Answer
Correct Answer:
Can provide help to individuals who may be unable to afford individual psychotherapy
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According to the textbook, _____ is the first step in the problem-solving process.
Developing good problem-solving strategies
Evaluating solutions
Rethinking and redefining problems and solutions over time
Finding and framing the problem
Answer
Correct Answer:
Finding and framing the problem
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A technique in which one system models the behavior of another system is called ____.
Imitation
Recursion
Simulation
Stimulation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Simulation
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While conducting his research, ebbinghaus used ____.
A laboratory to systematically test 20 subjects at a time
Over 1,000 subjects
A method to
Fewer than 10 subjects at a time
A single subject
Answer
Correct Answer:
A single subject
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When we want to remember something we need to use _______ in that order.
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
Retrieval, storage, and encoding
Encoding, retrieval, and storage
Storage, encoding, and retrieval
Answer
Correct Answer:
Encoding, storage, and retrieval
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The influence of darwin's work can be seen most directly in ____.
Comparative psychology
Functionalism
Animal psychology
All of the above.
None of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Comparative psychology
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Projective tests are most closely associated with ________ theories
Social-cognitive
Psychodynamic
Humanistic
Trait
Answer
Correct Answer:
Psychodynamic
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One characteristic of ________ is that the entertainment can be edited.
Theatre
Film
Both theatre and film
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Kyle is genetically a male; this means he received a(n) ________.
X chromosome from his mother, and a Y chromosome from his father
Y chromosome from his mother, and a Y chromosome from his father
X chromosome from his mother, and an X chromosome from his father
Y chromosome from his mother, and an X chromosome from his father
Answer
Correct Answer:
X chromosome from his mother, and a Y chromosome from his father
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John horn maintains that in middle adulthood, _____ intelligence continues to increase.
Fluid
Semantic
Crystallized
Multiple
Answer
Correct Answer:
Crystallized
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It is the ____, not the ____, that is the focus of a report using apa writing style.
Research; researcher
Research; data
Researcher; research
Data; research
Answer
Correct Answer:
Research; researcher
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For exploring the environment, humans depend on __________ more than any other sense.
Touch
Hearing
Vision
Taste
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During the renaissance, abnormal behavior was believed to result from ______.
Witchcraft
Demon possession
Disease organisms
Body fluid imbalance
Answer
Correct Answer:
Witchcraft
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Damage to the ________ would be expected to impair instrumental learning in rats.
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Frontal cortex
Basal ganglia
Accumbens
Answer
Correct Answer:
Basal ganglia
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Avoidant or anxious-ambivalent attachment is more common in children with ____.
Low intrinsic motivation
Low negative affect
High intrinsic motivation
High negative affect
Answer
Correct Answer:
High negative affect
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Alfred binet designed the first ______ test.
Aptitude
Intelligence
Achievement
Perception
Answer
Correct Answer:
Intelligence
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According to robert sternberg, empty love develops when only __________ is present.
Passion
Intimacy
Loyalty
Similarity
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All of the following are examples of heuristics commonly used to solve problems except __________.
Searching for analogies
Working backward
Forming subgoals
Using trial-and-error
Answer
Correct Answer:
Using trial-and-error
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The recognition heuristic ____.
A morpheme
A skill that can be taught
Multiple intelligences
Is used by advertisers to encourage sales of their products
Answer
Correct Answer:
Is used by advertisers to encourage sales of their products
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Unlike freud, erikson _____.
Believed that adult problems reflect childhood conflicts
Described development only during childhood
Was a psychoanalytic psychologist
Emphasized family and culture in his stages
Answer
Correct Answer:
Emphasized family and culture in his stages
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The ________ is demonstrated by the attack on kitty genovese.
Bystander Effect
Asch Effect
Both
None
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bystander Effect
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Studies have revealed diminished activity in the ________ of violent criminals.
Amygdala
Frontal lobe
Hypothalamaus
Somatosensory cortex
Answer
Correct Answer:
Frontal lobe
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Some asian cultures view mental illness as ________.
An uncontrollable impulse to perform an act, often repetitively
A shameful thing that hurts the marriage chances of other family members
An imbalance in the body's four humors (phlegm, black bile, blood and yellow bile)
An irrational, persistent fear of an object, situation, or social activity
Answer
Correct Answer:
A shameful thing that hurts the marriage chances of other family members
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The trait approach, the behaviorist approach, and the psychoanalytic approach ________.
Personality disorders
Address different sets of questions about human psychology
Psychological health
Understanding mental conflict
Answer
Correct Answer:
Address different sets of questions about human psychology
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The _____ schedule in operant conditioning reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
Variable-ratio
Fixed-ratio
Both
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fixed-ratio
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The __________ suggests that the social world strongly influences people's lives.
Structural Imagination
Double consciousness
Verstehen
Social embeddedness
Answer
Correct Answer:
Structural Imagination
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Two variables are said to interact when ____.
The effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of the second variable
Both variables are equally influenced by a third factor
The two variables are differentially affected by a third variable
Both variables produce a change in the subjects' scores
Answer
Correct Answer:
The effect of one independent variable depends on the levels of the second variable
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The major difference between groups and teams is that teams __________.
Exhibit less conflict
Show democratic leadership
Work at a higher level
Have more consistent norms
Answer
Correct Answer:
Work at a higher level
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Assimilation can be described as ____________ and accommodation can be described as ____________.
Incorporating information ; restructuring information.
Restructuring information; incorporating information
Both A & B
None of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Incorporating information ; restructuring information.
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A split-brain patient who sees something in his left visual field can point to it with the ____.
Left hand but cannot name it
Right hand but cannot name it
Left hand and can name it
Right hand and can name it
Answer
Correct Answer:
Left hand but cannot name it
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B. f. skinner recommended that we control behavior with ________ rather than with ________.
Reinforcement; punishment
Punishment; reinforcement
Both A & B
None of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reinforcement; punishment
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A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows
Strengthen the response by reducing or removing something negative
Weakens the response by reducing or removing something negative
Strengthen the response by adding something positive
Weakens the response by adding something positive
Answer
Correct Answer:
Strengthen the response by reducing or removing something negative
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Strategies for processing information within working memory _____.
Can be culturally specific
Are universal across cultures
Both
None of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Can be culturally specific
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Punishment can result in _____.
A decrease in the target behavior
An increase in aggression or passive aggressiveness
An increase in avoidance behavior
All of these options
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these options
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Positive reinforcement is to ________ as negative reinforcement is to ________.
Addition of a reinforcing stimulus ;is to removal of an aversive stimulus
Reduction of a reinforcing stimulus ;is to removal of an aversive stimulus
Reduction of a reinforcing stimulus ;is to addition of an aversive stimulus
Addition of a reinforcing stimulus is to addition of an aversive stimulus
Answer
Correct Answer:
Addition of a reinforcing stimulus ;is to removal of an aversive stimulus
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Operant conditioning is also referred to as _____.
Classical conditioning
Latent inhibition
Instrumental conditioning
Spontaneous recovery
Answer
Correct Answer:
Instrumental conditioning
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According to the ajzen model, the strongest predictor of an employee’s behavior is/are__________.
Cognitive dissonance
Cognitive dissonance.
The norm of reciprocity.
The employee's intentions
Answer
Correct Answer:
The employee's intentions
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According to the actor-observer bias, we have more information about ________.
Situational influences on behavior
Influences on our own behavior
Influences on others' behavior
Dispositional influences on behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
Influences on our own behavior
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A typical fetus will be _____ times larger at 38 weeks than it was at 9 weeks.
30
10
20
40
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Value chains determine ________.
Social media’s requirements
Social media’s flow
Unstructured business processes
Structured business processes
Answer
Correct Answer:
Structured business processes
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Social media (sm) ________ utilize sm sites to build social relationships.
Outlets
Users
Providers
Newsrooms
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The fundamental attribution error is to the self-serving bias as _____ is to _____.
Fundamental attribution error.
Self-serving bias.
Occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is good or right
Other; self
Answer
Correct Answer:
Other; self
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According to freud, it is extremely difficult to become aware of the contents of the _____ mind.
Unconscious
Denial
Reciprocal
It is based almost entirely on biology and genetics
Latency
Answer
Correct Answer:
Unconscious
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Nightmares are to ________ as night terrors are to ________
REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep
Narcolepsy; sleep apnea
Delta waves; alpha waves
Answer
Correct Answer:
REM sleep; NREM-3 sleep
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Need for ________ refers to maintaining positive relationships with others.
Achievement
Affiliation
Intimacy
Power
Answer
Correct Answer:
Affiliation
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In rogerian therapy, the _____ is responsible for discovering maladaptive patterns.
Therapist
Analyst
Family
Client
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_____ are enduring characteristics of our personality. _____ are briefer experiences.
States / Traits
Traits / States
Conditions Of Worth / Archetypes
Archetypes / Conditions Of Worth
Answer
Correct Answer:
Traits / States
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The ?intimacy? component of love is most similar to the ____ theme of adult friendships.
Sociability
Shared or communal nature
Passion
Affective
Answer
Correct Answer:
Affective
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In an experiment, the ______ group receives no special intervention.
Experimental group
Control group
Treatment group
Independent group
Answer
Correct Answer:
Control group
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Unconditional positive regard is a rogerian term for _____.
Accepting any and all behavior as a positive manifestation of self-actualization
Positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies
Nonjudgmental listening
Phenomenological congruence
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positive behavior toward a person without attaching any contingencies
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Typically, bullying from boys is to ________ as bullying from girls is to ________.
Emotional harm; physical harm
Physical harm; emotional harm
Psychological harm; physical harm
Social exclusion; verbal taunting
Answer
Correct Answer:
Physical harm; emotional harm
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The work of freud was built around ________.
A theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes
A method of psychotherapy that emphasizes how maladaptive behaviors are learned through imitations of others and through cognitive expectations
A theory of personality that emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts
A method of psychotherapy in which an observer carefully records and interprets behavior without interfering with the behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
A theory of personality that emphasizes the awareness of one's own cognitive processes
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The harlows' infant monkeys developed ___________ for their artificial cloth mothers.
A fear of
An attachment to
Aggressive responses to
A sense of indifference
Answer
Correct Answer:
An attachment to
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The frontal lobes become fully developed ________.
By 25 years old
By 50 years old
By 75 years old
By 45 years old
Answer
Correct Answer:
By 25 years old
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The fight-or-flight response is to ________ as the general adaptation syndrome is to ________.
Cannon; Friedman
Friedman; Selye
Selye; Cannon
Cannon;Selye
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cannon;Selye
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The end of the plateau phase is due to the ________ of ca2+ channels and ________ of k+ channels.
Opening, closing
Closing, opening
Closing, closing
Opening, opening
Answer
Correct Answer:
Closing, opening
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The depth cue of ________ is the most important in the ponzo (railroad track) illusion.
Perspective convergence.
Accommodation.
Stereopsis
All of thsee
Answer
Correct Answer:
Perspective convergence.
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The concept of learned helplessness was formulated by seligman to explain the ________.
Inability of dogs to attempt to escape avoidable shocks after having received inescapable shocks
Failure of dogs to learn to from prior mistakes
Ability of dogs to learn to help other dogs escape situations in which they are receiving uncontrollable shocks
Inability of dogs to learn to help other dogs escape situations in which they are receiving uncontrollable electric shocks
Answer
Correct Answer:
Inability of dogs to attempt to escape avoidable shocks after having received inescapable shocks
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The collective unconscious is to _____ as basic anxiety is to _____.
Jung; Adler
Jung; Horney
Freud; Adler
Adler; Horney
Answer
Correct Answer:
Jung; Horney
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The center for investigating healthy minds conducts rigorous academic research on ________.
Possessed by Demons
Cognitive behavioral therapy CBT Desensitizing
Privileged Communication
Healthy aspects of the mind
Answer
Correct Answer:
Healthy aspects of the mind
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Political polls taken before major elections are examples of ________ research.
Correlational
Experimental
Case study
Survey
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Orexin is a ________ hormone secreted by the ________.
Hunger-arousing; hypothalamus
Hunger-suppressing; hypothalamus
Hunger-arousing; stomach
Hunger-suppressing; stomach
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hunger-arousing; hypothalamus
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Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is _____
Watson.
Thorndike.
Skinner.
Bandura
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Motivation is best be defined as a(n) ____.
Biological drive to avoid hunger, thirst, and sexual deprivation
Blearned tendency to seek out rewards
Innate need for arousal and stimulation
Tendency to desire or seek out positive outcomes and avoid negative ones
Answer
Correct Answer:
Tendency to desire or seek out positive outcomes and avoid negative ones
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Most psychologists agree that defense mechanisms _____.
Are a sign of emotional damage that cannot be corrected in therapy
Can be healthy when not used excessively
Are used excessively by most people in modern society
Are unhealthy and should be eliminated through therapy
Answer
Correct Answer:
Can be healthy when not used excessively
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Low folic acid during pregnancy can result in _____.
The rooting reflex: search for nipple and start to suck
Fewer complications that those in hospitals
Prenatal abnormalities
Neural tube defects- spina bifida or anencephaly
Answer
Correct Answer:
Neural tube defects- spina bifida or anencephaly
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Increasing the ______ of references seems to increase validity.
Length
Scoring complexity
Structure
Psychometric depth
Answer
Correct Answer:
Structure
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In pavlov’s work with dogs, the psychic secretions were ________.
Unconditioned responses
Conditioned responses
Unconditioned stimuli
Conditioned stimuli
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conditioned responses
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In _____, something unpleasant follows an unwanted behavior.
Behavior and consequences
Positive punishment
Positive punishment and negative punishment
Positive
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positive punishment
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Imaginative and intellectually curious describe the _____ factor of the five-factor model.
Extroversion
Openness
Sociability
Conscientiousness
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Ideally, everything in the experimental situation except the __________ is held constant.
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Both of these
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Independent variables
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Gilligan's major criticism of kohlberg's stages of moral development is that they _____.
Emphasized male values over female values
Emphasized female values over male values
Both of these
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Emphasized male values over female values
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Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory.
Sensory
Short-term
Flashbulb
Implicit
State-dependent
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Explicit memory is to ________ as implicit memory is to ________.
Epinephrine; serotonin
Automatic processing; effortful processing
Long-term memory; short-term memory
Hippocampus; cerebellum
Skill memory; fact memory
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hippocampus; cerebellum
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Experimenters can justify the use of deception because ___________.
Some authorities should not be questioned.
It may be necessary for the experiment to work
High values of one variable are associated with low values of the other
Repressed conflicts; learned
Answer
Correct Answer:
It may be necessary for the experiment to work
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Ego is to id as ________ is to ________
Unconscious; conscious
Biology; morality
Reality principle; pleasure principle
Regression; repression
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reality principle; pleasure principle
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During the preconventional level of moral development _____.
Moral judgment is self-centered
Right = what feels rewarding and doesn't get punished
Rewards and punishment help dictate behavior
All of these options
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these options
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Depressants _____ whereas stimulants _____.
Slow down central nervous system activity/increase central nervous system activity
Increase central nervous system activity/slow down central nervous system activity
Modify a person's perceptual experience/slow down central nervous system activity
Slow down central nervous system activity/modify a person's perceptual experience
Answer
Correct Answer:
Slow down central nervous system activity/increase central nervous system activity
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Currently, women earn _____ of new psychology doctorate degrees in the united states.
One-tenth
Half
Three-fourth
Ninety percent
Answer
Correct Answer:
Three-fourth
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Correlation is to _____ as experimentation is to _____.
Measurement of variables; manipulation of variables
Manipulation of variables;measurement of variables
Both of these
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Measurement of variables; manipulation of variables
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Central tendency is to variation as ________ is to ________.
Scatterplot; correlation
Range; normal curve
Mean; standard deviation
Median; mode
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mean; standard deviation
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Carl rogers encouraged client-centered therapists to ______ during the process of therapy.
Clearly communicate their diagnosis
Genuinely express their own true feelings
Explain the cause of the clients's difficulties
Identify a hierarchy of the client's anxiety
Answer
Correct Answer:
Genuinely express their own true feelings
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Biopsychologists emphasize _____.
That behavior is the result of genetics and physiological processes occurring in the brain and nervous systemthe
Belief that biology is destinythe evolution of mental behaviorthat
The way to understand human behavior
Is to first understand animal behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
That behavior is the result of genetics and physiological processes occurring in the brain and nervous systemthe
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Behaviorists are most successful in treating ________.
Central and Peripheral
Mental Processes, language, and perception
Observable behavior problems
Released from the terminal button of a cell
Answer
Correct Answer:
Observable behavior problems
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An illusion ________________.
Is the same thing as a vision
Is due to the action of the rods versus the cones in the retina
Is a perception that does not correspond to reality
Corresponds directly to something that you dreamed
Answer
Correct Answer:
Is a perception that does not correspond to reality
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Altruism is a form of prosocial behavior that is motivated by ________.
Feeling good about oneself
Selfless helping of others
Earning a reward
Showing bravery to bystanders
Answer
Correct Answer:
Selfless helping of others
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According to the behaviorists, disordered behavior is a result of ________.
Learned responses
Maladaptive
Schizophrenia
Latin America
Answer
Correct Answer:
Learned responses
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According to __________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling.
Reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Classical conditioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social learning
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A negative behavior describes ________; a negative attitude describes ________.
Prejudice;discrimination
A social trap;mirror-image perceptions
Discrimination;prejudice
Mirror-image perceptions;a social trap
Answer
Correct Answer:
Discrimination;prejudice
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A culture's expectation of masculine and feminine behaviors can be defined as ________.
Homosexual
Heterosexual
Gender roles
Gender typing
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gender roles
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Medication, electroconvulsive shock therapy, and psychosurgery are all types of ______.
Cognitive therapy
Behavioral therapy
Biomedical therapy
Psychoanalytic therapy
Biomedical therapy
Answer
Correct Answer:
Biomedical therapy
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Major stressors and daily hassles _____.
Their relationships improve
It is quick and flexible
Reaction time lengthens
Can impair cognitive functioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Can impair cognitive functioning
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Memory of facts is to ________ as memory of skills is to ________.
Brainstem; hippocampus
Explicit memory; implicit memory
Automatic processing; effortful processing
Short-term memory; long-term memory
Answer
Correct Answer:
Explicit memory; implicit memory
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Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ________ memory into ________ memory.
Working; long-term
Long-term; working
Sensory; working
Working; sensory
Answer
Correct Answer:
Long-term; working
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In traditional cultures, prenatal massage __________.
Is almost exclusively performed by the pregnant mother herself in complete isolation
Has beneficial effects for both mother and fetus
Is usually considered dangerous
Is usually done only when there is reason to believe that the fetus is not developing properly
Answer
Correct Answer:
Has beneficial effects for both mother and fetus
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The flynn effect refers to the increase in iq scores over the years, and may be due to _____.
Better education,
Adjusting to tests,
Better nutrition and life conditions.
All of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these
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Negative reinforcement and punishment have _____ effects on behavior.
Identical
Similar
Unpredictable
Opposite
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Negative reinforcement ____ the rate of a response; punishment ____ the rate of a response.
Decreases; decreases
Decreases; increases
Increases; decreases
Increases; increases
Answer
Correct Answer:
Increases; decreases
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Negative punishment ____ a given behavior. negative reinforcement _____ a given behavior.
Decreases; decreases
Decreases; increases
Increases; decreases
Increases; increases
Answer
Correct Answer:
Decreases; increases
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Persons who work as engineers, architects, and pilots may be high in ____ intelligence.
Fluid
Linguistic
Spatial
Naturalistic
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Edward titchener is to structuralism as william james is to ________.
Behaviorism
Humanistic psychology
Cognitive neuroscience
Functionalism
Answer
Correct Answer:
Functionalism
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Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ________ is to ________.
Explicit memory; implicit memory
Automatic processing; effortful processing
Visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
Flashbulb memory; implicit memory
Short-term memory; long-term memory
Answer
Correct Answer:
Visual stimulation; auditory stimulation
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Bandura's experiments indicate that ________ is important in the process of learning.
Modeling
Secondary reinforcement
Respondent behavior
Generalization
Shaping
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In classical conditioning, a(n) _____ elicits a(n) _____ due to its association with a(n) _____.
Unconditioned response; conditioned response; unconditioned response
Unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response; conditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus; conditioned response; itioned response
Conditioned stimulus; conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conditioned stimulus; conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
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In behavior therapy, _____ techniques use shaping and reinforcement to increase adaptive behaviors.
Classical conditioning
Modeling
Operant conditioning
Social learning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Operant conditioning
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Vygotsky defines __________ as the process of helping less as the learner improves at a given task.
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Cross-sequential
Cross-longitudinal
Answer
Correct Answer:
Longitudinal
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The social exchange theory of interpersonal attraction can be considered to be a(n) ________ model.
Sociological
Economic
Biopsychosocial
Ecological
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Kleenex boutique is a ____ of tissues made by the kimberly-clark corporation.
Mark
Identification
Name
Guarantee
Type
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A specific formula for solving a problem is called ________.
An algorithm
A heuristic
A mental set
Trial and error
Answer
Correct Answer:
An algorithm
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Test performance is typically ________ when physiological arousal is ________
Slow; moderate
Bad; moderate
Best; moderate
Moderate; best
Answer
Correct Answer:
Best; moderate
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Mental activities that differ noticeably from normal waking consciousness are known as _________.
Hyperconsciousness.
Unconscious states.
Relaxed wakefulness.
Altered states of consciousness
Answer
Correct Answer:
Altered states of consciousness
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Most psychologists agree that intelligence is ________________.
Intelligence as measured by IQ tests does not remain stable over time
Males and females have the same average IQ, but male IQ scores are more variable than female scores.
Males are more susceptible to chromosomal abnormalities that are related to mental retardation.
The ability to use knowledge, learn from experience, and solve problems to adapt to new situations
Answer
Correct Answer:
The ability to use knowledge, learn from experience, and solve problems to adapt to new situations
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Freud said phobias were ____________ whereas watson said phobias were __________.
Learned; inherited
Repressed conflicts; learned
Sexual; unconscious
Answer
Correct Answer:
Repressed conflicts; learned
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Freud is to ________ as rogers is to ________.
Conditional positive regard; deny
Psychoanalytic; humanistic
Fixation; oral
Free association; active listening
Answer
Correct Answer:
Free association; active listening
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The buying decision process starts with ________, in which the buyer spots a problem.
Need recognition
Information search
Impulse purchases
Buyer's remorse
Answer
Correct Answer:
Need recognition
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Researchers conduct _____ when they want to establish causation.
Causation.
Experiments
Field research
Observational studies
Correlational studies
Answer
Correct Answer:
Experiments
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Research on the stability of temperament indicates that it is _______.
Have no effect on the temperament of the baby
Play a significant role in the development of the baby's temperament
Play a moderate role in the later development of adolescent temperament
Relatively stable well into adulthood
Answer
Correct Answer:
Relatively stable well into adulthood
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If n = 18 and a = 0.052 tailed, the value of tcrit is ____.
40
±39
-41
47
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Consumer lifestyles are measured using _____.
Demographics
Cost-benefit analysis
Psychographics
Geodemographics
Answer
Correct Answer:
Psychographics
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Consumer ability to effectively cope with stressful situations relates to the concept of _______.
Emotional intelligence
Need for attribution
Indirect appeals
Promotion and prevention
Answer
Correct Answer:
Emotional intelligence
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Construct validity is usually determined by correlating scores on a test with _______.
Scorers reliability
Differential validity
Scores from familiar tests
Single-group validity
Answer
Correct Answer:
Scores from familiar tests
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Among survey methods, ________ generally generate the highest response rate.
Face to face interviews
Questionnaires
Both of these
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Face to face interviews
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All projective tests ________.
Involve stimuli with no clear meaning
Identify traits or groups of items that go together
To assess nondisturbed individuals
Tell stories about pictures that she shows them
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Answer
Correct Answer:
Involve stimuli with no clear meaning
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All of the following are used for estimating reliability of a test except ________.
Internal consistency
Retest estimate
Internal comparison
Content validity measurement
Answer
Correct Answer:
Content validity measurement
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All of the following are accurate statements regarding random assignment except __________.
It is a procedure in which each subject has the same possibility of being assigned to a given group.
It is a procedure in which subjects are assigned to a positive correlation or a negative correlation condition.
It is a procedure for assigning people to experimental and control groups.
It is a procedure that allows individual characteristics to be roughly balanced between groups
Answer
Correct Answer:
It is a procedure in which subjects are assigned to a positive correlation or a negative correlation condition.
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A purchase decision made with some but not extensive effort is classified as ________.
Habitual decision making
Extended problem solving
Independent heuristic rating
Dependent heuristic rating
Limited problem solving
Answer
Correct Answer:
Limited problem solving
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A person's macrosystem includes _____.
Political processes
The peer group
School and church
Historical setting
Answer
Correct Answer:
Political processes
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A __________ is an unfulfilled physiological or psychological desire.
Motivator
Satisfier
Hygiene factor
Need
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___________ uses the principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior.
Humanistic therapies
Sociocultural therapies
Behavior therapies
Psychodynamic therapies
Answer
Correct Answer:
Behavior therapies
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__________ are the three types of attribute sets.
Universal, retrieval, and evoked
University, relatives, and expression
United, relations, and exploration
Urban, random, and exchange
Unanimity, rule, and express
Answer
Correct Answer:
Universal, retrieval, and evoked
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________ provides general principles for organizing words into meaningful sentences.
Linguistic determinism
Lexicon
Semantics
Syntax
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________ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.
Jet lag
Rotating shift work
Circadian rhythm
Sleep debt
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sleep debt
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________ is a type of insight-oriented therapy.
Psychopharmacology
Cognitive-behavioral treatment
Transference
Psychoanalysis
Answer
Correct Answer:
Psychoanalysis
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________ involves a virtual reality model of the world.
Lucid dreaming
Manifest content
Protoconsciousness
Stage 1 sleep
Answer
Correct Answer:
Protoconsciousness
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________ in the context of management means loss of control of employees.
Divergence
Dependence
Emergence
Transcendence
Answer
Correct Answer:
Emergence
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________ describes changes in an individual's behavior arising from experience.
Modeling
Motivation
Perception
Learning
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________ are the most affluent and brand conscious demographic segment in the united states.
Hispanic Americans
Native Americans
Pacific Islanders
Asian Americans
African Americans
Answer
Correct Answer:
Asian Americans
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________ activities are supported by structured process.
Operations and manufacturing
Sales and marketing
Media and human resource
Answer
Correct Answer:
Operations and manufacturing
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Watson and skinner are to _____ as rogers and maslow are to humanistic psychology.
Behaviorism
Humanistic
Psychology
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Behaviorism
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The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is propelled by ________.
The need for affiliation
Intrinsic motivation
Biological drives
Performance goals
Answer
Correct Answer:
Intrinsic motivation
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The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.
Experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally
Less often experienced in preindustrial countries
More often experienced in English-speaking countries
More often experienced in industrial countries
Answer
Correct Answer:
Experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally
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Psychologists generally agree that _____ true instincts motivate human behavior.
No
Only a few
Some
Many
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Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.
Being outside the home alone
Enclosed spaces
Blood heights
All of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Being outside the home alone
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The yerkes-dodson law describes an inverted u-shaped relationship between ________ and ________.
Arousal; intelligence
Intelligence; performance
Arousal; performance
Intelligence; motivation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Arousal; performance
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Watson is to behaviorism as rogers is to _____ psychology.
Humanistic
Social-Cultural
Nature-nurture
Aristotle
Answer
Correct Answer:
Humanistic
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Titchener is to _____ as james is to functionalism.
Social-Cultural
Nature-nurture
Structuralism
Tictchener
Answer
Correct Answer:
Structuralism
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Titchener is to _____ as freud is to psychoanalysis.
Social-Cultural
Nature-nurture
Structuralism
Tictchener
Answer
Correct Answer:
Structuralism
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Variation is to central tendency as ________ is to ________.
Scatterplot; correlation
Range; normal curve
Mean; standard deviation
Median; mode
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mean; standard deviation
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Ultimately, behaviors that influence the choice of mates are driven by ______.
Attempts to produce offspring with favored parental behaviors
Attempts to produce as many offspring as possible
Attempts to avoid mates with unusual genes
Attempts to maximize the fitness of the individual
Answer
Correct Answer:
Attempts to maximize the fitness of the individual
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Vision is to the occipital lobe as _____ is to the _____ lobe.
Touch; frontal
Hearing; parietal
Hearing; frontal
Touch; parietal
Answer
Correct Answer:
Touch; parietal
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Type a is to ________ as type b is to ________.
Realistic; idealistic
Introverted; extroverted
Hard-driving; easygoing
Optimistic; pessimistic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hard-driving; easygoing
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Unlike the _____ nervous system, people have voluntary control over the _____ nervous system.
Autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
Somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
Parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system
Answer
Correct Answer:
Autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system
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The tiny _____ gland may be considered the endocrine system's ?master gland.?
Pituitary
Pupil
Frontal
Cerberal
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pituitary
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Using scissors to cut out paper shapes is an example of ________.
Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills
Large motor skills
Small motor skills
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fine motor skills
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While the central route to persuasion ______, the peripheral route ______.
When groups work together to achieve common goals, prejudice is decreased.
People are more likely to be evil when personal responsibility is removed.
Jenna is unsure how to relate to this politician, and tends to prefer her own party politicians.
Uses facts to present the message; appeals to the audience's emotions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Uses facts to present the message; appeals to the audience's emotions
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The trial-and-error method of solving problems is also known as ________.
Follows the normal curve
Identical twins reared together
The mechanical solution
2 percent
Answer
Correct Answer:
The mechanical solution
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Your ability to know the answers to these exam questions depends on your _________ memory.
Primacy effect
Episodic Memory
Semantic memory
Consolidation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Semantic memory
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When using _____, a person applies a known solution to a similar problem to the current problem.
Means-ends analysis
Creativity
Analogical problem solving
Insight
Answer
Correct Answer:
Analogical problem solving
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The two basic methods of capturing information are ____.
Systematic and unsystematic
Planned and unplanned
Continuous and intermittent
Functional and hierarchical
Manual and electronic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Manual and electronic
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The term mental tests was coined by ____, but ____ originated this concept.
Structuralists; functionalists
The questionnaire
Cattell; Galton
Introspection by analogy
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cattell; Galton
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The system of rules for combining words and phrases to make correct sentences is called ________.
Vowels
Syntax
Broca's aphasia
Left temporal lobe
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The process of learning through the observation and imitation of others is called
External
Persuasion
Modeling
The situational context
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The development of one's unique potential represents __________.
Saturated
Approach-avoidance
A majority of
Self-actualization
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-actualization
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The development of __________ memory is linked with the emergence of the __________ self.
Autobiographical memory; remembered
Working; enduring
Semantic; categorical
Recognition; social
Answer
Correct Answer:
Autobiographical memory; remembered
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The concept of perceived control refers to ________.
Beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives
Body's physiological reaction to any demand that is placed on it.
This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.
Process of closing large asylums
Answer
Correct Answer:
Beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives
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The ________ is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence.
Misinformation effect
Parallel distributed processing model
Encoding stage
Levels-of-processing model
Answer
Correct Answer:
Parallel distributed processing model
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The ________ control one has, the ________ the degree of stress.
Alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Eustress
Less, greater
Cancer
Answer
Correct Answer:
Less, greater
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The _____ method uses independent and dependent variables to reveal cause-and-effect relationships.
Experimental
Positively
Extraneous
Aristotle
Answer
Correct Answer:
Experimental
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The first studies of observational learning __________.
Proved beyond a doubt that animals learn by observing models
Proved that only higher animals learn by observing models
Suggested that some animals can learn by observing models under special circumstances
Failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals
Answer
Correct Answer:
Failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals
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When studying developmental psychology, _____ refer(s) to the physical domain.
Memory
Relating to others
Understanding the social world
Changes that take place in the body
Answer
Correct Answer:
Changes that take place in the body
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The cognitive component of an attitude is best described by _______________.
An incompatibility between two of a person's beliefs, behavior, or attitudes
The thought or description that underlies an attitude
The degree to which people identify psychologically with their jobs.
The affective component
Answer
Correct Answer:
The thought or description that underlies an attitude
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The type c behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________.
Mental illness
Cancer
Respiratory illnesses
Coronary heart disease
Answer
Correct Answer:
Respiratory illnesses
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Socioeconomic status is _____ correlated with scores on measures of health.
Operational
Lymphocytes.
Positively
Meditation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positively
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Since people cannot usually change stress _______, they should aim to change ________ instead.
Perceived control.
Sources; responses
Learned helplessness.
A sense of control
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sources; responses
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Sigmund freud developed his theories of personality largely on the basis of ______.
The case study method
Positive
Survey
Read, recite, review
Answer
Correct Answer:
The case study method
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Role perception is defined as ________.
Fuzziness
Expectation
Conflict
Perception
Enhancement
Answer
Correct Answer:
Expectation
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Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.
Animal; a full debriefing
Animal; obtaining informed consent
Human; a full debriefing
Human; obtaining informed consent
Answer
Correct Answer:
Human; obtaining informed consent
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Research evidence suggests that happiness depends more on ____ factors than on ____ factors.
Internal; external
Drive; incentive
Cognitive, behavioral, physiological
Biological and social motives
Answer
Correct Answer:
Internal; external
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Reinforcement is any event that _________ behavior and _________ behavior.
Follows; increases
Follows; Decreases
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Follows; increases
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Primary drives are caused by ________.
Exceptions to the drive-reduction principle
Learned behaviors
Stimuli within the body
Stimuli outside the body
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stimuli within the body
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Perception is the ________.
Top down processing
Bottom up processing
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Top down processing
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People with high _________ see themselves as capable and effective.
Core self-evaluations
Emotional intelligence
Introversion
Extraversion
Answer
Correct Answer:
Core self-evaluations
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Past performance is to future performance as _____ test is to _____ test.
Achievement; aptitude
Personal motivation
Developmental
Understanding fractions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Achievement; aptitude
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Negative reinforcement will _____ a behavior.
Increase
Negative
Learning
Positive
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Negative punishment is also sometimes called __________ training.
Escape
Penalty
Withdrawal
Subtraction
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Need for achievement is also referred to as ________________.
NAch
Amygdala
Lipotor
Arousal and context
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Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.
Deductive
Syllogistic
Inductive
Connective
Answer
Correct Answer:
Inductive
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Jean piaget is noted for his theory of ______.
Slow-to-warm-up
Formal operations
Cognitive development
Personal fable
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive development
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Intermediate processing in memory is the level at which _____.
Physical and perceptual features are analyzed
A stimulus is recognized and labeled
Semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics are used
Meaning is assigned to a stimulus
Answer
Correct Answer:
A stimulus is recognized and labeled
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In order to develop a(n) ___________, a child must develop a(n) ________.
Self-concept; gender identity
Gender schema; gender identity
Individualistic orientation; gender schema
Gender identity; gender schema
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gender identity; gender schema
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In an experiment, the independent variable is _______ while the dependent variable is _______.
Experimental
Correlational
Informed consent
Manipulated; measured
Answer
Correct Answer:
Manipulated; measured
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In an experiment, the _____ variable is measured by the researcher.
An independent panel
Independent
Experimental
Treatment
Answer
Correct Answer:
Independent
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Important to long-term memory is _____.
Retrieval
Storage and retrieval
Neither storage nor retrieval storage
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retrieval
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If a new behavior appears without reinforcement, it is likely an example of ________.
Sign monitoring
Autotracking
Autoshaping
Autotrack
Answer
Correct Answer:
Autoshaping
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Heuristics are used for _____ in decision making.
Greater accuracy
More choice
Greater speed
Critical thinking
Answer
Correct Answer:
Greater speed
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Framing effects relate to the _____ of a question.
Wording
Innacruacy
Voting
Framing
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Feedback should _____ to increase the effectiveness of reinforcement.
Be given by an appropriate role model
Be immediate and clear
Be classically administered
Always follow a partial schedule of reinforcement
Answer
Correct Answer:
Be immediate and clear
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Experimental group is to control group what _____ is to _____.
Experimental research.
Control
Treatment; no treatment
Neither researchers nor participants know who is in the control or experimental group
Answer
Correct Answer:
Treatment; no treatment
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Evaluation is an ongoing process, but it is especially important ____.
To the left frontal lobe
Arbitrary signals such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols
Once a solution has been fully implemented
They enjoyed better physical health
Answer
Correct Answer:
Once a solution has been fully implemented
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Critical thinking is _____ the scientific method.
Dependent on
The same thing as
An alternative to
The first step in
Answer
Correct Answer:
Dependent on
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Concept formation is ____.
A shortcut to problem solving, also known as a
People can turn visual mental images around in their mind, zoom in or out, and identify their features.
Seen in human beings and in diverse categories of animals
Engaging in two-way interaction in the form of conversation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Seen in human beings and in diverse categories of animals
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Cognitive psychology studies all of the following except _____.
Problem solving
Reasoning
Telepathy
Decision making
Answer
Correct Answer:
Telepathy
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Cattell's work was novel in its focus on ____.
Human abilities
White Americans
School psychology
Eugenics
Answer
Correct Answer:
Human abilities
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Being single offers the potential advantage of _____, but the potential disadvantage of _____.
Forming friendly relationships with other adults; too much freedom
Self-reliance; lack of intimacy
Emotional distance; lack of physical intimacy
Self-knowledge; feedback
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-reliance; lack of intimacy
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Behavior is ____________; mental processes are ____________.
Being overweight
Clinical psychology
Observable; private
Remembering
Answer
Correct Answer:
Observable; private
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An individual operating on the reality principle seeks ________.
The unconscious influences on behaviour.
Rational means for obtaining gratification.
Assumption of nonshared environmental influence
Identification with the same-sex parent
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rational means for obtaining gratification.
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An essay question is a _________ test of memory; a multiple-choice question is __________.
Recall; recall test also
Recall; recognition test
Recall; relearning test
Recognition; recognition test also
Recognition; recall test
Answer
Correct Answer:
Recall; recognition test
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A student taking a multiple-choice exam generally relies on the ______ memory task.
Recognition
Implicit
Encoding
Retrieval
Answer
Correct Answer:
Recognition
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A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operational stage is _______.
Irreversibility
Egocentrism
Abstract thinking
Answer
Correct Answer:
Abstract thinking
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_________________ help the group manage relationships
Social roles
Leadership roles
Task roles
Individual roles
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social roles
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________ memory is constantly updated.
Memory
Instincts
Heuristics
Episodic
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________ is goodness put into action.
Patience
Kindness
Gentleness
Love
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_____ refers to memory of events, whereas _____ refers to memory of information and facts.
Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
Psychiatrists attend medical school, whereas psychologists do not.
Rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) and Beck's cognitive therapy (CT)
Episodic memory; semantic memory; explicit (declarative) memory
Answer
Correct Answer:
Episodic memory; semantic memory; explicit (declarative) memory
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_____ is a characteristic of good problem solvers.
Divergent thinking
Humility
Hindsight bias
Creativity
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The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________.
Pavlov; Skinner
Thorndike; Pavlov
Thorndike; Skinner
Skinner; Thorndike
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pavlov; Skinner
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The stereotype of mongols as barbaric plunderers comes from _____.
Chinese
Persian
Russian sources
All of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these
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The specific treatment conditions that are used in an experiment are called the ____.
Placebo versus treatment
Levels of the independent variable
Temperature of the houses
Third-variable problem
Answer
Correct Answer:
Levels of the independent variable
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The somatosensory area is to the auditory area what the _____ lobe is to the _____ lobe.
Temporal;parietal
Parietal;occipital
Occipital;parietal
Parietal;temporal
Answer
Correct Answer:
Temporal;parietal
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The sleep debt is the result of ________.
Insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Episodes during which a sleeper's breathing stops
An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.
Suffers from chronic sleep deprivation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Insufficient sleep on a chronic basis
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The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.
Confounding variable.
Evolutionary
Positive expectation
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positive expectation
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The main point of focus in a visual display is known as the ________.
Good continuation
Figure
Segmenting our visual world into figure
None of these
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The limbic system blends ________ and ________ into a united whole.
Primitive emotions, higher mental functions
Complex emotions, basic mental functions
Complex emotions, higher mental functions
Primitive emotions, basic mental functions
Basic survival skills, higher mental functions
Answer
Correct Answer:
Primitive emotions, higher mental functions
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The etiology of mdd is _____.
Idiopathic
Infectious
Nosocomial
Opportunistic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Idiopathic
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The dramatic reduction in numbers of hospitalized patients is primarily attributable to _____.
Negative associations
Drug therapy
Self-talk
Dopamine
Answer
Correct Answer:
Drug therapy
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The best use of hypnosis is in _____.
Are a type of information processing Correct
Shawn, who is listening to music with her eyes closed Correct
Reduced concentration
The entertainment arena
Answer
Correct Answer:
The entertainment arena
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The anterior commissure, on the average, is ____.
Larger in heterosexual women than heterosexual men
Smaller in heterosexual women than heterosexual men
Smaller in homosexual men than heterosexual men
Larger in heterosexual men than homosexual men
Answer
Correct Answer:
Larger in heterosexual women than heterosexual men
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The acceptance of a majority of behaviors ______.
Varies across cultures
Remains constant
Is predictable
Is none of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Varies across cultures
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The _____ theory says people are ?pulled? by external stimuli to act in a certain way.
Lateral
Ventromedial
Incentive
Moderate
Answer
Correct Answer:
Incentive
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The _____ suggests that moderate arousal would lead to optimal performance.
Hierarchy law
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Charlas law
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Yerkes-Dodson Law
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The _____ is referred to as the ""new brain.""
Cerebral cortex
Neuroplasticity
Hypothalamus
Occipital lobe
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cerebral cortex
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The _____ content of a dream is the true, unconscious meaning of the dream.
Expressed
Countertransference
Latent
Repressed
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Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age _____ is to frontal lobe atrophy.
Dementia
Bluntness
Sectional
Cross-sectional
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bluntness
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Tabitha’s intelligence quotient is 100. she is 12 years old, so her mental age must be ____.
12
14
16
15
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Superior colliculus is to ____ as inferior colliculus is to ____.
Cranial nerve II; cranial nerve VIII
Vision; hearing
Obstruction in the flow of cerebrospinal fluid
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Vision; hearing
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Spanking a child for repeatedly breaking glass showpieces is a form of ___________.
Positive reinforcement
Positive punishment
Negative reinforcement
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positive punishment
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Someone who is a somnambulist may __________.
Fall asleep without warning
Have trouble falling asleep
Wake up in odd places
Snore loudly during sleep
Answer
Correct Answer:
Wake up in odd places
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Some evolutionary psychologists note that ______ predisposes ethnic ingroup favoritism.
Altruism
Kin selection
Social-responsibility norm
Moral exclusion
Answer
Correct Answer:
Kin selection
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Social learning theory indicates that learning occurs from _____.
Emphasized family and culture in his stages
Observing and imitating others
A person's thoughts and expectations
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Observing and imitating others
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Skinner was to rats as thorndike was to ________.
Dogs
Pigeons
Rabbits
Slugs
Cats
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Shaping is the reinforcement of successive _______.
Responses
Elements of a chain
Approximations of a desired behavior
Increases in the intensity or topography of a behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
Approximations of a desired behavior
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Sensation is to _____ as perception is to _____.
Vision, olfaction
Conscious, unconscious
Awareness, conscious
Detection; interpretation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Detection; interpretation
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Self-confidence is _____, and self-efficacy is _____.
Trait-like; general
General; specific
State-dependent; specific
Dynamic; general
Answer
Correct Answer:
General; specific
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Saying that members of another ethnic group “all look alike to me” may be an example of _____.
A Mediterranean guest
Overlook each other's faults
The outgroup homogeneity effect
Passionate love and limerence
Answer
Correct Answer:
The outgroup homogeneity effect
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Sample bias occurs when _____.
The participants are representative of the population they are interested in studying.
The sample of participants in a research study are not representative of the larger population
Which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.
Reduce the likelihood of any preexisting differences between groups of participants
Answer
Correct Answer:
The sample of participants in a research study are not representative of the larger population
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Risky shift and group polarization are aspects of _____.
A chronically lonely person
Group decision making
Normative social influence
Cognitive dissonance
Answer
Correct Answer:
Group decision making
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Retrieval cues ______.
Are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory
Are aids in rote rehearsal in short-term memory
Can be helpful in both long and short-term memory
Have been recently shown to be inefficient in accessing available information in memory
Answer
Correct Answer:
Are important in helping us remember items stored in long-term memory
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Research suggests that cognitive processes, such as learning, may be affected by ________.
Hypnosis
Meditation
Mindful awareness
Progressive relaxation
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Research suggests that a ____ would be most likely to engage in social loafing.
Woman from a collectivist culture
Man from a collectivist culture
Woman from an individualistic culture
Man from an individualistic culture
Answer
Correct Answer:
Man from an individualistic culture
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Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________.
Positive or negative reinforcer
CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS.
Motivated to learn how to do the laundry
Unconditioned stimulus
Answer
Correct Answer:
CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS.
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Prototype is to category as ________ is to ________
Man; woman
Rose; flower
Couch; bed
Rope; weapon
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rose; flower
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Projective tests are most closely associated with the ________ perspective.
Displacement
Psychoanalytic
Motivational conflict
Repression
Answer
Correct Answer:
Psychoanalytic
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Primary reinforcers _____.
Are associated with operant conditioning
Depend on learning
Are associated with classical conditioning
Satisfy biological needs
Answer
Correct Answer:
Satisfy biological needs
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Predictions can be made if you have _____ data.
Observational
Correlation
Dependent variable
Experimental
Answer
Correct Answer:
Correlation
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Positive punishment causes a(n) ________ in behavior through the ________ of a stimulus.
Decrease; addition
Spontaneous; recovery.
Decrease; Substraction
Increase; addition
Answer
Correct Answer:
Decrease; addition
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Partial reinforcement is to _____ as continuous reinforcement is to _____.
Always; sometimes
Sometimes; always
Learned; helplessness.
Helplessness; Learned
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sometimes; always
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Other names for _________ are jacobsonian relaxation and neuromuscular relaxation.
Autohypnosis
Progressive relaxation
Bracing
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Progressive relaxation
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Organisms learn about the consequences of behavior through _____.
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Latent learning
Discovery learning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Operant conditioning
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Operant conditioning is to ____ as classical conditioning is to ____
Voluntary; involuntary
Reflexive; involuntary
Involuntary; reflexive
Voluntary; reflexive
Answer
Correct Answer:
Voluntary; reflexive
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Neurons store neurotransmitter molecules in vesicles located within _____.
Action potential
Target cell
Synaptic terminals
K+
Axons
Answer
Correct Answer:
Synaptic terminals
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Motivation ________, whereas emotion ________.
Influences emotion; produces behavior
Influences cognition; is caused by cognition
Produces behavior; influences motivation
Is caused by cognition; influences cognition
Answer
Correct Answer:
Produces behavior; influences motivation
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Men experience ________ frequent and ________ romantic fantasies about sex than do women.
Less; more
More; more
More; less
Less; less
Answer
Correct Answer:
More; less
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Malorie was born during her mother’s 32nd week of pregnancy. malorie would be termed a _____ baby.
The amniotic sac has ruptured, amniotic fluid is leaking out of her crevices, and she needs to give birth soon
Preterm
Her uterine wall is stretching and digestive process
Sudden infant death syndrome
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Liking someone in a relationship is characterized by ______.
Commitment, without passion or intimacy
Intimacy, without passion or commitment
Commitment and intimacy without passion
Commitment and passion, without intimacy
Answer
Correct Answer:
Intimacy, without passion or commitment
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Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.
It is though that learning changes the nerve fiber patterns in your muscles
Once you learn something, you will never fail to remember it or carry out the correct action
It is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes
Memory processes, unlike learning processes, are not permanent
Learning processes, unlike memory processes, are not permanent.
Answer
Correct Answer:
It is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes
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Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________.
Is innate
Occurs as a result of experience
Is found only in humans
Occurs by observing others
Answer
Correct Answer:
Occurs as a result of experience
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James–lange is to schachter–singer as _____ is to _____.
Bodily activity and mental activity are both the cause and consequence of emotional experiences
Facial expressions are symbols that provide others with information about an individual's emotional state.
Work at a job to earn money that can buy food
Autonomic reactivity; labeling of emotional states
Answer
Correct Answer:
Autonomic reactivity; labeling of emotional states
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Interpretation of the ________ content of a dream is expected to reveal the ________ content.
Manifest; latent
Metaphorical; denotative
Manifest; sublimated
Latent; manifest
Answer
Correct Answer:
Manifest; latent
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Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.
Fixed
Primary
Positive
Continuous
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Individual focus is to group focus as _____ is to _____.
Social psychology; sociology
The bystander effect; social psychology
The false-consensus effect; sociology
Social facilitation; improve
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social psychology; sociology
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In watson’s research with little albert, the rat began as the _____ and became the _____.
CS; NS
CR; CS
NS; CS
NS; CR
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In the cerebral cortex, ______ is to vision as ______ is to hearing.
Behaviors and mental prcoesses
Cerebellum in Hindbrain
Express hidden desires and conflicts
Sympathetic branch & Parasympathic branch
Occipital lobes & Temporal lobes
Answer
Correct Answer:
Occipital lobes & Temporal lobes
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In erica's health class, she learned that the incubation period for hepatitis b is ________.
1 to 4 months
1 to 6 months
1 to 8 months
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
1 to 4 months
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In electroconvulsive therapy, _____.
Current is never applied to the left hemisphere
Electrical current passes through the brain for up to three minutes
Convulsions activate the ANS, stimulate hormone and neurotransmitter release, and change the blood-brain barrier
Most patients today receive hundreds of treatments because it is safer than in the past
Answer
Correct Answer:
Convulsions activate the ANS, stimulate hormone and neurotransmitter release, and change the blood-brain barrier
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Implicit memory is to _____ as explicit memory is to _____.
Priming; episodic memory
Episodic memory; priming
Priming; declarative memory
Nondeclarative memory; episodic memory
Answer
Correct Answer:
Priming; episodic memory
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Implicit learning is _____ implicit memory.
Positive punisher
Related to
Fixed-interval
Discrimination.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Related to
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If you like having lots of friends, talking to people, and joining groups, you have a(n) _____.
Linguistic learning style
Verbal learning style
Self-concept
Interpersonal learning style
Answer
Correct Answer:
Interpersonal learning style
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If you experience microsleep __________
Speed up and get to your destination
Do not worry, it will pass quickly
Pull off the road at a safe place and nap
Drink some hot coffee
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pull off the road at a safe place and nap
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Human language differs from communication of nonhuman animals in that human language is _____.
Sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence
Cattell: theory of multiple intelligences
Overcoming functional fixedness
Used more to express a wide range of thoughts and ideas
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
Answer
Correct Answer:
Used more to express a wide range of thoughts and ideas
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Hindsight bias can be a form of _________.
Overconfident
Diffident
Shy
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Overconfident
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Hearing aids might be effective for treating ________.
Ménière's disease
Sensorineural hearing loss
Conductive hearing loss
Interaural time differences
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conductive hearing loss
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Generally, classical conditioning is _____; operant conditioning is _____.
Active; voluntary
Passive; involuntary
Active; passive
Passive; active
Answer
Correct Answer:
Passive; active
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Gardner and gardner showed that smoothing out the nooks of the pinnae _____.
Results in more accurate localization on all coordinates
Makes it more difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate
Results in more accurate localization along the elevation coordinate
Does not affect spectral cues for localization
Answer
Correct Answer:
Makes it more difficult to locate sounds along the elevation coordinate
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Gambling on a slot machine involves rewards on a ________ schedule.
Fixed interval
Fixed ratio
Variable interval
Variable ratio
Answer
Correct Answer:
Variable ratio
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From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.
Determining
Processing
Thinking
Understanding
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Freud is to _____ as the psychodynamic perspective is to the social-cognitive perspective.
Need for sex
Castration anxiety
Psychological growth
Answer
Correct Answer:
Castration anxiety
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Freud claimed that his discovery was ____.
Affect-laden events
His association with Breuer and a research grant to study with Charcot
A morphine overdose
A way to scientifically study the unconscious mind
Ideas or experiences she found disgusting
Answer
Correct Answer:
A way to scientifically study the unconscious mind
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For natural selection to generate evolutionary change in a population ____.
There need not be any differences in the traits of individuals in that population
The change in gene frequencies must help the species in the long run
The differences must have a hereditary basis
The change in gene frequencies will probably be harmful to the species
Answer
Correct Answer:
The differences must have a hereditary basis
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Fluid intelligence is to _____ as crystallized intelligence is to ________,
Speed of problem solving, acquired information
Practical intelligence, analytic intelligence
Emotional intelligence, practical intelligence
Applying knowledge, perceiving relationships among patterns
Answer
Correct Answer:
Applying knowledge, perceiving relationships among patterns
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Fixed action patterns are examples of _____.
Spontaneous behaviors that did not evolve
Space-constrained movements
Innate behaviors
Cost/benefit analyses
Answer
Correct Answer:
Innate behaviors
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Feature detectors are specialized cells in the brain that _____.
Face and fingers
Filtering and analyzing incoming sensations before sending a neural message to the cortex
Detect and respond only to certain sensory information
Her muscles in her iris reduced the size of her pupil
Answer
Correct Answer:
Detect and respond only to certain sensory information
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Facilitation is _________.
An interaction where species have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species without necessarily living in the direct and intimate contact of symbiosis
The inferior competitor will be eliminated
The rate of species immigration will equal the rate of species extinction
While dominant species are the most abundant, keystone species exert control through important roles or niches.
Transferred to humans from other animals
Answer
Correct Answer:
An interaction where species have positive effects on the survival and reproduction of other species without necessarily living in the direct and intimate contact of symbiosis
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Experimental research is to correlational research what _____ is to _____.
Cause; association
Participant; no participant;
Treatment; no treatment
Operational; no operational
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cause; association
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Experimental group is to control group as _____ is to _____.
Participant; no participant;
Treatment; no treatment
Operational; no operational
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Treatment; no treatment
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Erikson believed that a crisis of self-identity is ______.
The choice and commitment to an occupational or life role
A normal part of development and can be a growth experience
Both psychological and physical health
Identity achievement
Answer
Correct Answer:
A normal part of development and can be a growth experience
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Electrical gradients lead to the ____.
General movement of ions into the neuron
General movement of ions out of the neuron
Movement of ions to areas having the same electrical charges
Movement of ions to areas having opposite electrical charges
Answer
Correct Answer:
Movement of ions to areas having opposite electrical charges
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Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________.
Short-term; semantic processing
Explicit memory; implicit memory
Implicit memory; explicit memory
Explicit memory; semantic processing
Answer
Correct Answer:
Explicit memory; implicit memory
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During the embryonic period, _____ is/are formed.
The neural tube alone
The arms and legs alone
The circulatory system alone
Every major body structure
Answer
Correct Answer:
Every major body structure
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Drive is to ________ as incentive is to ________.
Push; pull
Instinct; push
Pull; push
Motivation; instinct
Answer
Correct Answer:
Push; pull
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Double-blind studies control for ________.
The experimenter effect
The placebo effect
The placebo effect & the experimenter effect
Extrinsic motivation
Answer
Correct Answer:
The placebo effect & the experimenter effect
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Dopamine stimulates the_______.
Pleasure center
Modulates mood
Affects the intellectual process
All of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Affects the intellectual process
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Discrimination is a negative _____, whereas prejudice is a negative _____.
Behavior; prejudice
Behavior; attitude
Attitude; Serotonin
Serotonin; prejudice
Answer
Correct Answer:
Behavior; attitude
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Dendrite is to axon as _____ is to _____.
Receiving; sending
Electrical; chemical
Sending; receiving
Action potential; reuptake.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Receiving; sending
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Decreased sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as ________.
Transduction
Difference threshold
Sensory adaptation
Inattentional blindness
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sensory adaptation
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Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. his iq would be ________.
80
100
115
130
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Continuous reinforcement produces ________ learning and ________ extinction.
Variable; interval
Fast; fast
Intermittent; fast
Fast; negative
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fast; fast
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Continuity is to __________ as discontinuity is to __________.
Fluid; rigid
Gradual; abrupt
Maturation; nurture
Adulthood; childhood
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gradual; abrupt
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Consciousness is to unconsciousness as ________ is to ________
Monism; dualism
Serial processing; parallel processing
Narcolepsy; sleep apnea
Latent content; manifest content
Delta wave; alpha wave
Answer
Correct Answer:
Serial processing; parallel processing
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Consciousness _____.
Is a relatively simple phenomenon
Exists on a continuum
Is an all-or-nothing phenomenon
Includes only those states in which someone is fully alert
Answer
Correct Answer:
Exists on a continuum
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Complete the analogy: incoming is to outgoing as ________ is to ________.
Dendrite; axon
Axon; Dendrite
Dendrite
Axon
Answer
Correct Answer:
Dendrite; axon
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Cognitive therapy is to maladaptive _____ as behavioral therapy is to maladaptive _____.
Illogical patterns of thinking; maladaptive learning
Adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are learned.
Mini shocks to the brain that causes a seizure
Identify the core irrational beliefs that are causing distress.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Illogical patterns of thinking; maladaptive learning
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Cocaine affects the driver’s_______.
View of reality
Reaction time
Heightens impulsive behavior
All of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above
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Classical conditioning is to operant conditioning as _____ are to _____.
Add; remove
Modeling; involuntary responses
Conditioned reinforcer; voluntary responses
Involuntary responses; voluntary responses
Answer
Correct Answer:
Involuntary responses; voluntary responses
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Classical conditioning is to ____ responses as operant conditioning is to ____.
Voluntary; involuntary
Reflexive; involuntary
Involuntary; reflexive
Reflexive; voluntary
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reflexive; voluntary
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Cimt is an operant-based treatment for paralysis developed by __________.
Taub
Extinction
ABA
Pre-term infants
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Chomsky believes we possess an inborn brain capacity to analyze language known as _____.
Telegraphic speech
Energy or glucose resources
Language acquisition device (LAD)
List all the uses of a pot.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Language acquisition device (LAD)
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Biology is to experience as ________ is to ________.
Experimentation; nurture
Nature; nurture
Social-cultural; nature
Nurture; unsurprising.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Nature; nurture
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Beta brain waves are ______, and alpha brain waves are ______.
Fast and high-amplitude; slow and rhythmic
Fast and low-amplitude; slow and rhythmic
Slow and high-amplitude; fast and rhythmic
Slow and low-amplitude; fast and rhythmic
Large and rhythmic; slow and rhythmic
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fast and low-amplitude; slow and rhythmic
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Bandura's observational learning studies focused on how ____
Do not need to be learned; usually satisfy a biological need; and increase the probability of a response
The gambler won't be able to tell when the next pay off is going to occur; it increases the gambler's resistance to quitting; and the gambler will fear that the next player will hit the jackpot if he quits now.
Children learn aggressively behaviors by observing aggressive models
A decrease in the target behavior; an increase in aggression or passive aggressiveness; and an increase in avoidance behavior
Answer
Correct Answer:
Children learn aggressively behaviors by observing aggressive models
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Axons are to _____ as dendrites are to hearing.
Hearing
Speaking
Receiving
Sending
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Axons are to _____ as dendrites are to _____.
Inattention; blindness
Brainstem; norephorine
Sending, receiving
Receiving; sending
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sending, receiving
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Brain size is _____ correlated with intelligence.
Positively
Negatively
Both
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positively
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At higher doses, __________ behaves like pcp, causing feelings of power and invulnerability.
Marijuana
Morphine
Oxycodone
None of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
None of the above
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Arthur jensen believed that ________.
Genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
Environment was solely responsible for intelligence
Intelligence level was determined by race
IQ tests do not take socioeconomic status into account
Answer
Correct Answer:
Genetics was solely responsible for intelligence
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Aptitude tests are to ________ as achievement tests are to ________.
Future performance; current competence
Mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100
Accuracy;consistency
The average mathematics achievement test scores of Asian children are notably higher than those of North American children
Answer
Correct Answer:
Future performance; current competence
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Any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous conditioning is a(n) _____.
Unconditioned Stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
Grandmother
Spontaneous recovery
Answer
Correct Answer:
Unconditioned Stimulus
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An example of reduction ad absurdum is _____ .
A Modest Proposal
The Rape of the Lock
Horatian satire
Juvenalian satire
Answer
Correct Answer:
A Modest Proposal
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An example of a physiological need is _____ .
Hunger
A push to find food
As adults, adopted children tend to resemble their biological parents and to yearn for an affliction with them.
A preference for sweet and salty foods
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An action potential involves na+ moving ________ the cell and k+ moving ________ the cell.
Substantia nigra
Epigenetics
Genotype; phenotype
Inside; outside
Answer
Correct Answer:
Inside; outside
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Amyloid is to ____ as tau is to ____.
Prefrontal cortex
Episodic memory
Confabulation
Plaques, tangles
Answer
Correct Answer:
Plaques, tangles
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Amphetamines are to ________ as barbiturates are to ________.
Hallucinogens; stimulants
Hallucinogens; depressants
Stimulants; hallucinogens
Stimulants; depressants
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stimulants; depressants
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All of the following variables, except for ________, would likely show a negative correlation.
Average income and the incidence of dental disease
Adult shoe size and IQ scores
The value of a car and the age of a car
Hours spent watching TV and grade-point average
Answer
Correct Answer:
Adult shoe size and IQ scores
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All of the following are sources of stress except________.
Aggressio
Being under lots of pressure
Facing big changes
Worrying about something
Answer
Correct Answer:
Aggressio
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All of the following are signs of physical dependence related to cocaine except ________.
Obsessing about where to buy it
Loss of control
Disregard for consequences of use
Compulsivity
Answer
Correct Answer:
Obsessing about where to buy it
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Alcohol decreases anxiety by ____.
Promotes chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex
Interfering with the production of serotonin
Brain areas associated with particular emotions vary considerably
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Promotes chloride flow at the GABA-A receptor complex
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Aggression is the ____.
Proactive aggression
Zero-sum aggression
Self-defense
Reciprocal aggression
Answer
Correct Answer:
Proactive aggression
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After consumption, the concentration of caffeine is __________.
Elevated serum cholesterol level
After 3 consecutive days of regular use
It increases performance in some areas and decreases it in others.
Similar throughout the body
Cerebral stimulation and diuresis only
Answer
Correct Answer:
Similar throughout the body
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Adler believed the primary motivation in life is to overcome _____.
Basic anxiety
Collective unconscious fears of the anima and animus
Feelings of superiority
Feelings of inferiority
Answer
Correct Answer:
Feelings of inferiority
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Across all cancers, _______ are due to inherited genetic mutations.
1-2%
5-10%
15-20%
25-30%
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Achievement tests are to aptitude tests as _____ is to _____.
Knowledge; potential
Decreased reaction time
Asperger syndrome
Dyslexia
Answer
Correct Answer:
Knowledge; potential
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According to the language theory of noam chomsky, _____.
Champion ideas that other dismiss
Logical rules or definitions
Children are born
A phoneme; a morpheme
Answer
Correct Answer:
Children are born
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According to lazarus, hassles ________.
Do not arise from major life changes
Arise from major life changes
Nullify the stress that arises from major life changes
Are unrelated to stress
Answer
Correct Answer:
Arise from major life changes
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According to hermann ebbinghaus, _____.
Motor Reproduction
Having a close, caring relationship with at least one parent
Being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities
Most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Most forgetting occurs soon after we originally learned something.
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According to freud, the moral element of the personality is called the _____.
Superego
Ego
Id
None of these
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According to freud, the ego is guided by _____.
Rationalization
Reality
Pleasure
Repression
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According to freud, the ego _____.
Unconditional positive regard/conditions of worth
Repression
Must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality
Phallic
Id/ego
Answer
Correct Answer:
Must balance the needs of the id, superego, and reality
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According to carol dweck, need for achievement is closely related to ________.
Genetics
Geography
Luck
Personality factor
Answer
Correct Answer:
Personality factor
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A(n) _____ correlation results when there is no relationship between two variables.
Critical
Free will
Zero
Strong
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A token economy is to operant conditioning as ________ is to classical conditioning.
Aversive conditioning
Systematic desensitization
A token economy
Operant conditioning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Systematic desensitization
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A survey is a(n) _____.
Research technique for assessing behaviors and attitudes of a sample or population
Mental processes, language, and perception
Explaining the purpose of the study, anticipated results, and deceptions used when the study is over
Both the researcher and participants are unaware of who is in the experimental and control groups
Answer
Correct Answer:
Research technique for assessing behaviors and attitudes of a sample or population
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A study of immobilized cockroaches showed the importance of ________________ in forgetting.
Sleep
State dependent learning
Proactive interference
Retroactive interference
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retroactive interference
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A relative permanent change of behavior is called ________.
Lifestyles
Personality
Learning
All of the above
Answer
Correct Answer:
Lifestyles
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A problem with cross-sectional research is that _____.
Older people because the brain can only focus on one thing at a time
More likely to be happier and stay together longer
People in late adulthood (grandparent age)
Because each person has unique life experiences
Answer
Correct Answer:
Because each person has unique life experiences
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A neuron is _____.
The part of a nerve cell that receives information.
The part of a nerve cell that sends information.
The part of a nerve cell that creates energy.
A cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A cell of the nervous system responsible for receiving and transmitting electrochemical information.
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A measure that has a high level of reliability is very ________.
Consistent
Long-lasting
Accurate
Predictive
Answer
Correct Answer:
Consistent
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A hypothesis is ________.
A prediction about something that has not yet been observed
An instrument that is used to examine environmental conditions
The design of an experiment that can be used in scientific inquiry
A testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question
A proven scientific fact
Answer
Correct Answer:
A testable proposition that explains an observed phenomenon or answers a question
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A hitchhiker most likely gets rides on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
Continuous
Variable-ratio
Fixed-ratio
Fixed-interval
Answer
Correct Answer:
Variable-ratio
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A good control group ________.
Some authorities should not be questioned.
It may be necessary for the experiment to work
Describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
Holds constant all variables in the experiment
Answer
Correct Answer:
Holds constant all variables in the experiment
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A goal of family therapy is to ______.
Change the needs of individual family members
Improve family communication and interaction
Identify and treat the person in the family who is the source of the majority of the family's problems
Teach family members to remain neutral on sensitive issues
Answer
Correct Answer:
Improve family communication and interaction
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A genotype is ________, whereas a phenotype is ________.
Acetylcholine
Insulation around a pipe
Sympathetic nervous
Underlying; observed
Answer
Correct Answer:
Underlying; observed
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A counselor who takes the humanistic perspective would focus most on _____
Behavior
Subjective experience
Environmental forces
Inherited tendencies
Answer
Correct Answer:
Subjective experience
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A clinical psychologist uses ______ to treat psychological disorders.
Sociocultural approach
Psychotherapy
Cognitive
Lobotomies
Answer
Correct Answer:
Psychotherapy
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If you need help in emergency and which statement is most likely to get you the help you need?
Will someone please help me?
Hey! I'm in trouble here!
Help!!! This is an emergency!!
You in the red sweater—call 911!
Answer
Correct Answer:
You in the red sweater—call 911!
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_____, such as dexedrine and benzedrine, are popularly known as speed.
Circadian rhythms.
Consciousness
Amphetamines
Meditation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Amphetamines
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______________ is caused by degeneration of the neocortex of the anterolateral temporal lobe.
Retrograde amnesia
Perceptual learning
Basal ganglia
Semantic dementia
Answer
Correct Answer:
Semantic dementia
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__________ tests try to eliminate cultural bias.
All IQ
Dove
Culture-fair
Stanford-Binet
Answer
Correct Answer:
Culture-fair
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__________ subtheory explains that intelligence is influenced by culture.
Contextual
Componential
Experiential
Emotional
Answer
Correct Answer:
Contextual
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__________ stimuli are typically events that are important to survival.
Unconditional
Conditional
Maintenance
Second-order
Answer
Correct Answer:
Unconditional
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________ is a chemical messenger secreted by fat cells that acts as an appetite suppressant.
Orexin
Angiotensin
Leptin
Ghrelin
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________ cycles occur roughly once every 24 hours.
Biological
Circadian
Rotating
Conscious
Answer
Correct Answer:
Circadian
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________ are a component of the somatosenses.
Receptive field
Free nerve endings in the skin
It takes time to extrude calcium ions out of the fiber
The inability to recognize individual faces
Answer
Correct Answer:
Free nerve endings in the skin
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________ appears to be especially important for enhanced performance on recently learned tasks.
Melatonin
Slow-wave sleep
Sleep deprivation
Growth hormone
Answer
Correct Answer:
Slow-wave sleep
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_______ attention improves encoding whereas ______ attention interferes with encoding.
Selective; divided
Divided; selective
Discrimination; inhibitory
Inhibitory; discrimination
Answer
Correct Answer:
Selective; divided
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_____ refers to rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.
Generalization
Extinction
Contiguity
Shaping
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_____ refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory.
Echoic memory / iconic memory
Explicit memory
Procedural memory
Proactive interference
Answer
Correct Answer:
Echoic memory / iconic memory
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_____ receive messages from other neurons and _____ send messages to other neurons.
Dendrites and Axon
Soma, Myelin
Neuron, Axon
Nervous System
Answer
Correct Answer:
Dendrites and Axon
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_____ is to psychoanalysis as _____ is to humanistic psychology.
Nerves; neurons
Cross; cultural
cultural; Cross-
Freud; Rogers
Answer
Correct Answer:
Freud; Rogers
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_____ is to _____ as bandura is to tolman.
Latent learning; observational learning
Observational learning; latent learning
Observational learning; insight
Insight; latent learning
Answer
Correct Answer:
Observational learning; latent learning
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_________ is considered a secondary reinforcer.
Food
Water
Money
Sexual satisfaction
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_____ is a generalized defense against pathogens.
Natural immunity
Specific immunity
Passive immunity
Humoral immunity
Answer
Correct Answer:
Natural immunity
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_____ helps individuals to resist persuasion.
Inoculation
Ethnocentrism
Reciprocity
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Inoculation
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_____ entails sudden episodes involving a loss of muscle tone.
Non-REM
Cataplexy
Selective attention
None of these
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cataplexy
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_____ are manipulated; _____ are measured.
Independent
Variable
Dependent
IVs; DVs
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