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Memory researcher ____ has conducted many studies showing how people construct false memories.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Elizabeth Loftus
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Gustation involves ________ taste buds, all located on the ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
8,000 to 10,000;tongue,throat,and mouth
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A masking stimulus is primarily used to _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stop persistence of vision
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For burn victims, a computer-generated virtual reality uses ________ to help control pain.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Distraction
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Compared with those who are unhappy, happy people are ________ decisive and ________ cooperative.
Answer
Correct Answer:
More; more
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Cheesman and merikles (1984) investigations on subliminal priming suggested that _______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above
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An example of ___________ would be if eric calls his new girlfriend by his old girlfriend's name.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retroactive interference
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Among theories of forgetting, decay theory is also known as ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Tracy theory
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According to wegner and his colleagues, the ironic effects of thought suppression _______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Are more likely to occur when attention is overloaded.
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According to the ________ theory of pain, acupuncture should successfully alleviate pain.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gate control
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According to psychologists, memory refers to the persistence of _____ over time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Learning
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According to _____, the act of smiling will probably make you feel happier.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The facial feedback hypothesis
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Accessing stored memories and bringing them into short-term memory is called _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retrieval
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A set of expectations about objects and situations is called a(n) ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Schema
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A person with damage to the ________ would be clumsy and uncoordinated.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Kinesthetic receptors
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A person who routinely forgets how he began a long sentence may be suffering from ________ amnesia.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Anterograde
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________ are located primarily in the fovea, while ________ are located primarily in the periphery.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cones; rods
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_______ is the retention of memory for some period of time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Storage
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______ is the system by which we retain information and bring it to mind.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Memory
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_____ theory suggests that people block memories that could cause pain, threat, or embarrassment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Motivated forgetting
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The conversion of sensory stimuli such as light or sound waves into neural impulses is called_____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Transduction
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The concept of working memory represents a contemporary conceptualization of _____ memory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Short-term
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The dominant mode of coding in immediate memory is _______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Auditory coding.
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Judgments of learning are more accurate __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
After a delay
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In-line skating and tap dancing skills would be stored in __________ memory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Implicit
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Our primary method for localizing sound in the horizontal plane is ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Via sound waves funneling through the pinnab. by echolocation at the ...
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Our eyes capture light __________ much like a camera.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mechanically
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Our assumptions and expectations often provide a(n) ________ for viewing reality.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Perceptual set
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Physiologically-based drives that are unlearned are called ________ drives.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Primary.
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Perceptual illusions are to _____ as false memories are to _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Real perceptions; real memories
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In the human eye, rods are to _____ as cones are to _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Light/color
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In the famous case of h. m., after having part of his brain removed, he could no longer _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Form new memories
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In the context of word-recall studies, ______ is the deepest level of processing.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Semantic processing
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In the auditory system, _____ is the tone saturation, or the perceptual quality, of a sound.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Timbre
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The _____ is involved in memories involving movement.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cerebellum
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The _____ is involved in encoding and storing memory for a sequence of events.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cerebellum
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The _____ facilitate(s) the formation of procedural memories for skills.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Basal ganglia
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The _____ bends light as it passes, playing a primary role in focusing the light more sharply.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Lens.
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Sleep disturbances interfere with the ________ of memories.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Consolidation
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Selective attention is to divided attention as _______ is to _______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
One input; many inputs
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Research suggests that humans can distinguish between _____ different hues.
Answer
Correct Answer:
7 million
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A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives
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A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the united states is a(n) ________ memory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Explicit
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_________________ have demonstrated that some emotional responses involve no conscious thinking.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Zajonc and LeDoux
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__________ processing is conceptually driven and influenced by our beliefs and expectations.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Top-down
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_____ of information is linked with neural activity, especially in the brain's left frontal lobe.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Elaboration
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_____ occurs when information never made it into the long-term memory in the first place.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Encoding failure
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_____ is the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Storage
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_____ can be considered a special case of motivated forgetting.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Repression
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If you want to remember something for a couple of minutes, the most effective device is ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rote reheasrsal
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_____ allow us to quickly categorize new objects and events with little cognitive effort.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Concepts
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When you study in long, unbroken intervals of time, you are engaging in _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Massed practice
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When our perceptions don't agree with our sensations, a(n) _______ results.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Illusion.
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The retina's central focal point is the ______________, which contains only cones, no rods.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fovea
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The retention of information about the when and where of lifes happenings is called _____ memory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Episodic
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The process of transduction is analogous to ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A TV picking up and processing the signal from a remote control
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The process of selectively looking, listening, smelling, tasting, and feeling is called ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Attention.
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The point in space from which light strikes the receptor is called the ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Receptive field
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The micro-action that shows social intelligence is referred to as ________________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Emotional intelligence
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The memory that contains the full recollection of our lives is referred to as ________ memory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Autobiographical
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The long-lasting increase in neural excitability during learning is called _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Long-term potentiation
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The leading cause of memory loss between the ages of 15 and 25 is _______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Traumatic brain injury
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The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____lobe.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Parietal.
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The immediate goal of elaborative rehearsal is to _____ new information.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Understand
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The g factor originally proposed by charles spearman is best defined as _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
General intelligence
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One of the most powerful monocular depth cues is ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Occlusion
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One of the main effects of alzheimer's disease is an extreme decrease in __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Explicit/declarative memory.
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Noam chomsky argued that language development was primarily determined by ___.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Inborn biological processes.
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When janet feels the wind blowing on her face this is an example of ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sensation
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During middle age, the ability to hear _____ sounds declines first.
Answer
Correct Answer:
High-pitched
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According to land and lee, drivers negotiate curves by _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Using information in addition to optic flow
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Sensory information that arrives at the cns is routed according to the ________ of the stimulus.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both A and C
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The _____________ artery produces a pulse at the groin.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Femoral
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The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ____ encoding.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Structural
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The current thinking is that memories are consolidated in the ____ and stored in the ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hippocampal region; cortex
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Syntax is to _____ as generative is to _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rules for combining words; creative
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Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify _____ for the problems.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A single correct answer
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Your author points out that studying the mind requires both ________ and ________ experiments.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Behavioral; physiological
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When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas.
Answer
Correct Answer:
High-saliency
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Memory schemas, or schemata, serve as representations of our ________ knowledge.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Semantic
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Memories of which a person is not consciously aware are called ______ memories.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Implicit
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Behaviorists believe that the presentation of_______ increases the frequency of behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positive reinforcers
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A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ________ memory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Short-term
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Cognitive neuroscientists can examine the brain with ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Electrolysis and PET
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A symptom of right-hemisphere parietal lobe damage is the tendency to ignore the ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Left side of the body
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A person with spatial neglect is more likely to notice an object placed in the left hand if ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
they cross their left hand over to the right side of their body
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Hereditary factors that influence cognitive development consist of __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Genetically transmitted characteristics inherited from one's parents
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_____ was a cognitive theorist.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Freud
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Single-cell recordings measure the ________ of individual neurons.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pattern of firing
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Declarative memories are consolidated during _____ sleep.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Interrupted
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A guitarist uses ________ to recall how to play the notes of a specific song.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Procedural memory
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A _____ string led to a restructured representation in the two-string problem.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Swinging
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_____ theory suggests that memory is like any other biological process that deteriorates over time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Decay
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An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Olfactory bulb
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_____ refers to the retention of information about the where, when, and what of lifes happenings.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Episodic memory
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_____ memory involves remembering information about doing something in the future.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Prospective
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There are _____ morphemes in the word chimps.
Answer
Correct Answer:
2
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According to piaget, thought in middle childhood is far more __________ than in early childhood.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Logical
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The experience of constant weeping would be considered a(n) _____ symptom of depression.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive.
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Children typically understand the basics of grammar by the _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Age of 2
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Your knowledge of the alphabet and multiplication tables is stored in your _____ memory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Semantic
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Your general knowledge of what you have learned so far in this course is called _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Semantic memory
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You hit yourself with a hammer and later suffer a deep ache. this is an example of ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Somatic pain
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With regard to memory, tying shoes requires the use of your _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Procedural memory
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With regard to memory, the process of retaining information over time is known as _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Storage
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When you blow dry your hair in the morning, you are using _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Procedural memory.
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Wechsler's intelligence test (the wais) was specifically designed to test _____ rather than _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Adults; children.
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The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with ________ threshold.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Difference threshold
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The stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ______ of words.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Inattentional blindness
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The spreading activation model proposes that people organize general knowledge based on ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Individual experiences
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The sentence, "colorless ideas sleep furiously" has ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Proper syntax but poor semantics
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The retention of information about the when and where of life?s happenings is called _____ memory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retention of information
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The primacy and recency effects are both components of the _____ effect.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Serial position
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The controversy over iq tests in the united states is related to problems with _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Validity.
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Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self are called ____ memories.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Autobiographical memories
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Researchers have demonstrated that it is _____ to create false memories.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rarely possible X
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Recollections of john's first family vacation to disneyland are part of john's _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Implicit memory.
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Proactive and retroactive interference are examples of _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Encoding failures.
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Of the three memory stages, _____ has the greatest capacity, and _____ has the longest duration.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Long-term memory; LTM
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Forgetting the actual origination of a memory is called _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Source amnesia.
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Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Encoding failure.
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Current thinking regarding whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Language influences thought.
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According to the levels of processing theory, the depth (shallow to deep) of processing ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Predicts the ease of retrieval
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According to paivio, a word like "chair" is ________ than a word like "faith."
Answer
Correct Answer:
Easier to memorize.
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_____ is a very subjective interpretation of information received from the sense organs.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Perception
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Chunking is the ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
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The adage most appropriate to memory function and aging is _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Use it or lose it
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The _____ thickens or thins to focus incoming light. this process is called _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Lens; accommodation
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Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Remote
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Piaget called cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 ______ intelligence.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Use logical operations
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By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Very large
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"kitchen tables" consists of ____ morphemes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Three
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_______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Icons
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The social cognitive theory of hypnosis suggests that ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
People in hypnotic states
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Gains in __________ contribute to a child's ability to play games with rules.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Phonological awareness.
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The word "bad" has ____ phoneme(s).
Answer
Correct Answer:
Three
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On average, girls reach puberty __________ boys.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Two years earlier than boys
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The ____ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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Reaction times are ______ for conjunction searches when compared to feature searches.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Larger
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When you use a knife as a screwdriver, you have _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Overcome functional fixedness
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To construct a three-dimensional image, we ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
use monocular and binocular cues
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Rods exposed to light will _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hyperpolarize due to the closing of sodium channels
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Rods are most sensitive _____, and less sensitive _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
In dim light; to color wavelengths
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Refraction is to accommodation what the _____ is to the _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cornea; lens
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Chemicals that release energy when struck by light are called ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Photopigments
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Bringing to mind the information when you need it is referred to as _____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retrieval
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Regarding light, wavelength is the ______ as intensity is the ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hue; brightness
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The relationship between the _____ is not measured directly by cognitive psychologists.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive task and the mental response
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The phantom-limb phenomenon suggests that the _____ can generate pain without sensory input.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Brain
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The cognitive view of dreaming suggests that dreams _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Help us sift through and sort out our everyday experiences
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The cerebellum and _____ play an important role in implicit memory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cerebral cortex
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The __________ perspective focuses on how people process, store, and use information.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive
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Research with the "visual cliff" suggests that some depth perception is inborn because _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Human and animal infants hesitate or show fear at the edge of the
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Our strongest retrieval cues are often associated ______ information.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sensory
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Our senses adapt to continuous, repetitive stimulation because this allows us to _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Operate more efficiently and be more alert to change
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Metacognition is _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Thinking about thinking
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Memories for both general facts and personal information are called ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Declarative memories
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In the context of memory encoding, sustained attention is _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The ability to maintain concentration to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time
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In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Heuristics
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In memory encoding, mental picture is to _____ as meaning is to _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Visual; semantic
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_____ refers to auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Echoic memory
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The key to the partial report method of sperling's study of sensory memory was to _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to report
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Our ________ enable us to make sense of the sensations that we are continually experiencing.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Perceptual abilities
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Sensation is to ____ as perception is to ____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stimulation; interpretation
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Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.
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Maintenance
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Personal facts and memories of one's personal history are parts of ___________.
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Episodic memory
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One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that _________.
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You may be able to recall the material but you don’t necessarily understand it
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Memory aids that link new information to well-known information are called ____.
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Mnemonics
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Encoding specificity refers to ________.
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Using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories Correct. Encoding specificity refers to using physical surroundings or emotions as retrieval cues for specific memories.
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________ ensures that we notice changes in stimulation more than stimulation itself.
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Sensory adaptation
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The _______ is the seat of what are typically labeled ?higher cognitive functions.?
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Cerebral cortex
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In the context of retrieval failures, the decay theory states that memories fade because _____.
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A neurochemical memory trace disintegrates over time
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Whenever a person has two contradictory cognitions at the same time, a state of ________ exists.
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Cognitive dissonance
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Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in ________.
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Sensory memory and short-term memory
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Beck's cognitive therapy is particularly effective in the treatment of ________.
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Depression.
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Cognitively speaking, __________ are in their prime.
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Middle-aged adults
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Kohler demonstrated ""aha!"" or insight behavior with ______________.
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Chimpanzees
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Piaget believed that ____ in toddlerhood is the basis of categorization.
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Mental representation
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Every day we inhale and exhale nearly _____ breaths of life-sustaining air.
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20,000
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Semantics plus syntax equals _____.
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Grammar
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________ is not one of the key functions of the self.
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Facilitating basic and reflexive responses to environmental contingences
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Your activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.
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Short-term
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_____ is the ability to produce valuable outcomes in a novel way.
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Creativity
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Engram refers to the ________.
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Physical trace of memory
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Encoding failure occurs when _____.
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Information fails to be stored into long-term memory
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Employee benefits ______.
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Increase total employment compensation
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Emotional intelligence involves each of the following except ______.
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Creating a positive emotional environment
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The vestibular senses are concerned with _____
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Movement and body position
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The faintest sound you can detect is one decibel, and normal conversation measures _____ decibels.
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60.
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The ability to produce solutions to problems that are novel and successful is called __________.
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Creativity
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Sensory stimuli are interpreted and perceptions are formed in the __________.
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Cerebral cortex
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Sensory receptors for sound are the _____, and they are embedded in the _____.
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Hair cells; Basilar membrane
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Sensation is to perception as ________ is to ________.
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Awareness, interpretation
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The ability to solve problems by combining behaviors and ideas in new ways is called ________.
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Creativity
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The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________.
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Can see
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____ refers to the production of novel and useful ideas.
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Creativity
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______ is a typical member of a category.
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A prototype
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Fluid located in the cochlea is set in motion and causes vibration in the _________.
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Basilar membrane
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Effortful processing is to automatic processing as ________ is to ________.
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Explicit memory; implicit memory
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Onscious memory for the first three years of life is a blank, an experience called _____ amnesia.
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Infantlie
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Chunking involves _____.
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Reorganizing information that exceeds the 7 plus or minus 2 rule into smaller meaningful units
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A mental representation of a sensory experience is known as a(n) ________.
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Concept
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A ganglion cell might receive information from a hundred _____, but from only one or two _____.
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Rods; cones
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______ is an average representation of a category.
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A prototype
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_____ is the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time.
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Sustained attention
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Remembering your first day of college classes is an example of _________ memories
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Episodic
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The more _____ information is in two memories, the more likely it is that _____ will occur.
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Similar; interference
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The sudden realization of a problem's solution is called _____.
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Insight
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Recalling the definition of long-term memory is an example of _________.
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Semantic memory
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As memories get older, they are most likely ________.
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To become changed or altered in some fashion
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The _____ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.
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Semantic network
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People with damage to their _____ lobe are most prone to memory misattribution.
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Parietal
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_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
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Retrieval
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A flashbulb memory would typically be stored in ________ memory.
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Long-term
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The term “childhood amnesia” refers to the finding that ________ before the age of about ________.
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Adults are unable to retrieve memories for events that occurred; 2 or 3
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The accuracy of flashbulb memories for specific details is generally ________.
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Fairly specific
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Rods are to cones as _____ is (are) to _____.
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Peripheral vision and night vision; color vision and visual acuity
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Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of _________.
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Selective attention
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According to carl rogers, the __________ is how people think they should be.
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Ideal self.
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Rods are to ____ as cones are to ____
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The periphery; the fovea
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One of the most influential researchers into eyewitness memory has been _________.
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Loftus
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Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. this is an example of ____ memory.
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Semantic
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George a. miller published a paper proposing that __________.
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Short-term memory is limited to remembering about seven items of unfamiliar material
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There is no known limit to our _____
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Short-term memory
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Priming is a change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a ____.
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Previous stimulus
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Dendrite is to axon as _________ is to _________.
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Receiving; sending
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Reaction time refers to the time between the ________ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.
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Presentation
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________ generate action potentials that are sent to the brain by the optic nerve.
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Ganglion cells
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All of the following are examples of heuristics commonly used to solve problems except __________.
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Using trial-and-error
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All of the following are examples of concepts except _____.
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Blue
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Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten _________.
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Quickly at first, then tapers off gradually
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_____ was the first person to conduct scientific research on forgetting.
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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A fundamental consequence of retrieval from semantic memory is ________.
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Prime
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_____ is a term used to describe the influences of multiple genes on behavior.
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Behaviour genetics
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_____ includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming.
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Implicit memory.
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The retina is to the eye as the ________ is to the ear.
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Cochlea
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The correct order of the pathway for light energy is _____.
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Cornea → pupil → lens → retina
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Neural impulses from touch travel first to the ____.
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Spinal cord
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Remembering ________ is a good example of semantic memory.
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What the word chocolate means
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Consumers with very high involvement in some product category are referred to as _____.
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Product enthusiasts
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A person with red-green color blindness will see the world in ________.
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Blues, yellows, and grays
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The reminiscence bump refers to the finding that ________ and seems to apply ________.
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People tend to recall a disproportionate number of events from between ages 10 to 30; to both episodic and semantic memory
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Memory consolidation refers to the neural ________ of a long-term memory.
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Storage.
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High-frequency words like “robin” receive _____ fixation than low-frequency words like “penguin.”
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Correct Answer:
Shorter
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Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________.
