1. _____ is techniques by which offenders justify their behavior as “acceptable” on a number of grounds.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Techniques of Neutralization
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2. Is symbolic Interactionism a perspective in sociology that focuses on how people interpret and define their social reality and the meanings they attach to it in the process of interacting with one another via language (symbols)?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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3. _____ is defined as a theory designed to explain how people learn criminal behavior using the psychological principles of operant conditioning.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social Learning Theory
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4. _____ is mechanisms designed to minimize nonconformity and deviance.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social Control
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5. Is social Bond Theory a theory focusing on a person’s bonds to others. The four elements of the social bond are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief. The absence of these bonds in criminals does not cause crime; it permits it?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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6. _____ is known as theory developed by Gottfredson and Hirschi that maintains all crime is attributable to an individual’s lack of self-control.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-Control Theory
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7. _____ is defined as the extent to which people are vulnerable to the temptations of the moment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Self-Control
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8. _____ is deviance that results from society’s reaction to offenders’ primary deviance.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Secondary Deviance
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9. Is reinforcement a process that leads to the repetition and strengthening of behavior?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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10. _____ is known as a process intended to lead to the weakening or eliminating of the behavior preceding it.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Punishment
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11. _____ is defined as in labeling theory, the initial nonconforming act that comes to the attention of the authorities resulting in the application of a criminal label.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Primary Deviance
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12. _____ is in self-control theory, opportunity is a situation that presents itself to those with low self-control by which they can immediately satisfy their needs with minimal effort.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Opportunity
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13. Is involvement a direct consequence of commitment; part of an overall conventional pattern of existence?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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14. _____ is known as a direct consequence of commitment; part of an overall conventional pattern of existence.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Involvement
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15. _____ is defined as a term applied to stimuli that provide clues signaling whether a particular behavior is likely to be followed by reward or punishment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Discrimination
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16. _____ is the balance of anticipated or actual rewards and punishments that follow or are consequences of behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Differential Reinforcement
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17. Is differential Association Theory criminological theory devised by Edwin Sutherland asserting that criminal behavior is learned through association with others who communicate their values and attitudes?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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18. _____ is known as term used by Edwin Sutherland to refer to the meanings our experiences have for us and our attitudes, values, and habitual ways of viewing the world.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Definitions
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19. _____ is defined as one of the four social bonds in social bonding theory; the rational component of conformity referring to a lifestyle in which one has invested considerable time and energy in the pursuit of a lawful career.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Commitment
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20. _____ is a form of psychological discomfort resulting from a contradiction between a person’s attitudes and his or her behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive Dissonance
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21. Is belief refers to the acceptance of the social norms regulating conduct?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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22. _____ is known as one of the elements of the social bonds in social control theory; the emotional component of conformity referring to one’s attachment to others and to social institutions.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Attachment
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23. All social process theories represent the joining of which two disciplines?
Answer
Correct Answer:
All social process theories represent the joining of which two disciplines?
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24. Who developed differential association theory?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Edwin Sutherland
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25. Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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26. Social process criminologists operate from a sociological perspective known as symbolic interactionism.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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27. Sutherland believes that when criminal behavior is learned, techniques on how to commit crimes are learned.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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28. Sutherland believes criminal behavior is learned?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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29. Sutherland’s ambition was to devise a theory that could explain both individual criminality and aggregate crime rates.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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30. Commitment is the rational component of conformity?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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31. Which of the following is NOT part of the social bond theory?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Defensive
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32. Sutherland’s theory has how many propositions?
Answer
Correct Answer:
9
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