1. Ethical formalism is most consistent with a __________________ form of punishment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retributive
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2. Symbolic interactionism proposes that many ______ interactions involve symbolism, which occurs when individuals interpret each other’s words or gestures and then act based on the meaning of those gestures
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social
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3. In labeling theory, usually associated with racial prejudice and discrimination
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stereotyping
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4. The most dramatic way to initiate the process of giving an individual a new identity; one example of such a ceremony is a criminal trial
Answer
Correct Answer:
Status-degradation ceremony
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5. Based on Becker’s typology, an individual who violates the rules of society but elicits no reaction from society
Answer
Correct Answer:
Secret deviant
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6. In labeling theory, this refers to the serious, frequent offenses people commit after they have been caught and labeled as offenders
Answer
Correct Answer:
Secondary deviance
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7. In labeling theory, the process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter viewed in a “new light”
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retrospective interpretation
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8. Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach of imposing
Answer
Correct Answer:
Punishments
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9. Restorative Justice refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values involving a joint or multisided approach; emphasizes
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above
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10. Based on Becker’s typology, pure deviant is an individual who _______ the rules and is perceived as doing so
Answer
Correct Answer:
Disobeys
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11. In Marx’s conflict theory, the oppressed group of workers exploited by the bourgeoisie are called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Proletariat
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12. In labeling theory, primary deviance refers to the _______ offenses that people commit before they are caught and labeled as offenders
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both a & b
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14. According to Quinney, _________ provides a theory and practice with the purpose of changing the world; associated political objective
Answer
Correct Answer:
Partisan conflict perspective
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15. Nonpartisan conflict perspective, According to Turk, is the ideological position or political utilities of theories are ______ when assessing the validity of knowledge claims
Answer
Correct Answer:
Irrelevant
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16. Negotiation is one of the key factors identified by ______ (i.e., labeling process); more noticeable in cases involving adults rather than juveniles (e.g., plea bargaining)
Answer
Correct Answer:
Schur
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17. Contends that previous criminological theories have been incomplete
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above
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18. Labeling theory is a theoretical perspective that assumes that _______ behavior increases because certain individuals are caught and labeled as offenders; their offending increases because they have been stigmatized
Answer
Correct Answer:
Criminal
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19. Vold argued that people’s lives are a part, and a product, of their ______ associations
Answer
Correct Answer:
Group
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20. Falsely accused based on Becker’s typology, an individual who has been identified as
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both a & c
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21. Dramatization of evil is a concept proposed by
Answer
Correct Answer:
Tannenbaum
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22. Consensus perspective theories assume that virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws and therefore assume no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws and rules of society
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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23. Bourgeoisie is a class or status Marx assigned to the _______ owners of the means of production
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both
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24. The primary focus of conservative (pluralist) conflict theories is power and the use of that power; this theoretical framework views society as consisting of diverse interest groups competing for power.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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25. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how an individual’s personality and thought processes evolve through social interactions such as symbolic language and gestures.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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26. The community’s point of view, or the social reaction to illegal behavior, is designated the ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Dramatization of evil
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27. Peacemaking criminology contends that rather than using punishment and retribution as a means of social control, society should attempt reconciliation through mediation and dispute settlement.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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28. ______ deviance is defined as behavior that is situational or occasional.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Primary
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29. ______ is usually associated with racial prejudice and discrimination.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stereotyping
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30. Labeling theory was influenced by symbolic interactionism.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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31. Labeling theory avoids the question of causation of crime; specifically, why some individuals commit a certain act while others do not.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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32. Cooley identified this process of obtaining one’s self-image through the “eyes of others” as the ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Looking-glass self
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33. A person engaging in primary deviance uses his or her behavior as a way to defend, or adjust, to the various problems related to the social reactions of this behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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34. Few attempts have been made to develop and test well-constructed conflict theories.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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