1. Positive reinforcement is a theory that suggests that individuals, especially in their teenage years and early adulthood, make excuses to alleviate their guilt about committing certain criminal acts
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Correct Answer:
False
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2. According to soft determinism ________ play a role in offenders’ decisions to engage in criminal behavior
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Correct Answer:
Both
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3. A control theory that assumes that individuals are predisposed to commit crime and that conventional bonds prevent or reduce offending.
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Correct Answer:
Social bonding
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4. ________ enforcement is a concept in social learning in which people are rewarded for a particular behavior by receiving something they want
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Correct Answer:
Positive
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5. Operant Conditioning is a learning model based on the association between an action and feedback following the action
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Correct Answer:
True
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6. ________ reinforcement is a concept in social learning in which people are rewarded for a particular behavior through the removal of something they dislike
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Correct Answer:
Negative
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7. A major factor in differential reinforcement theory that proposes that much social learning takes place via ______ of behavior
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Correct Answer:
Both
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8. A theory that proposes that individuals either develop self-control by age 10 or do not; those who do not will manifest criminal or deviant behaviors throughout life
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Correct Answer:
Low self control
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9. Theoretical models that assume that criminal behavior is due to learning from others the motivations and techniques for engaging in such behavior
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Correct Answer:
Learning theories
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10. A theory of criminal behavior that emphasizes various types of social learning, specifically classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and imitation or modeling
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Correct Answer:
Differential reinforcement theory
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11. A theory of criminal behavior similar to differential association theory, the major difference being that this theory takes into account associations with persons and images presented in the media
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Correct Answer:
Differential identification
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12. A theory of criminal behavior that emphasizes association with significant others (peers, parents, etc.) in learning criminal behavior
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Correct Answer:
Differential Association theory
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13. Theories of criminal behavior that assume that humans are born selfish and assert that their tendencies toward aggression and offending must be controlled
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Correct Answer:
Control theories
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14. According to Durkheim, the extent to which people in a society share similarities or likenesses; the stronger the collective conscience, the less crime in that community refers to
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Correct Answer:
Collective conscience
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15. A learning model that assumes that animals, as well as people, learn through associations between stimuli and responses
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Correct Answer:
Classical conditioning
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16. Social process theories claim socialization is linked to criminal activity.
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Correct Answer:
True
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17. ______ theory takes into account associations with persons and images presented in the media.
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Correct Answer:
Differential identification
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18. The key proposition of ______ theory states that offending typically peaks in the teenage years because that is when social controls over us are the weakest.
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Correct Answer:
Drift
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19. The key proposition of ______ theory states criminality is earned just like any conventional activity; any normal individual, when exposed to definitions and attitudes favorable toward crime, will learn both the motivations and techniques for engaging in illegal behaviors.
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Correct Answer:
Differential association
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20. This technique of neutralization allows the criminals to shift the focus of attention form their deviant acts to the motives and behavior of those who disapprove of these actions.
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Correct Answer:
Condemnation of the condemners
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21. ______ theory proposes that individuals can engage in criminal behavior and avoid feelings of guilt for their actions by justifying or rationalizing their behavior.
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Correct Answer:
Neutralization
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22. Control theories assume that individuals enter the world with a blank slate.
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Correct Answer:
False
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23. ______ theory assumes that individuals are born with a blank slate.
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Correct Answer:
Differential reinforcement
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24. Hirschi’s social bond is made up of four elements. What are those four elements?
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25. Learning theories assume that all people would naturally commit crimes if it wasn’t for restraints on the selfish tendencies that exist in every individual.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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26. The key proposition of ______ theory states that households in which the parents have similar types of jobs are more balanced and tend to control their sons and daughters more equally, than in unbalanced households where the parents have very different jobs, which lead to more controls placed on daughters than sons.
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Correct Answer:
Power-control
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27. Sutherland is known for introducing differential association theory.
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Correct Answer:
True
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28. The General Theory of Crime assumes that individuals are born predisposed toward selfish, self-centered activities and that only effective child-rearing and socialization can create self-control among persons.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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