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2. _____ is the infliction of a punishment upon a specific offender in the hope that he/she will be discouraged from committing future crimes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Specific Deterrence
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3. Is social Learning Theory contends that offenders learn to engage in crime through exposure to and adoption of definitions that are favorable to the commission of crime?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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4. _____ is known as a bill that adjusts federal mandatory sentencing guidelines in an effort to reduce the size of the U.S. prison population.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Smarter Sentencing Act of 2014
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5. _____ is defined as identifying inmates who are of particular concern to public safety and providing them with much longer sentences.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Selective Incapacitation
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6. _____ is offenders committing a crime should be punished in a way that is equal to the severity of the crime they committed.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retribution
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7. Is restorative Justice interventions that focus on restoring the community and the victim with involvement from the offender?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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8. _____ is known as focused on the reentry of the offender into society by connecting offenders to legitimate areas of society that are gainful and productive.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reintegration
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9. _____ is defined as offenders will be deterred from reoffending due to their having worthwhile stakes in legitimate society.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rehabilitation
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10. _____ is rewards for a desired behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positive Reinforcers
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11. Is positive Punishment punishment where a stimulus is applied to the offender when the offender commits an undesired behavior?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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12. _____ is known as unpleasant stimuli that are removed when a desired behavior occurs.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Negative Reinforcers
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13. _____ is defined as the removal of a valued stimulus when the offender commits an undesired behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Negative Punishment
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14. _____ is circumstances that make a crime more understandable and help to reduce the level of culpability that an offender might have.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mitigating Factors
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15. Is mandatory Minimum a minimum amount of time or a minimum percentage of a sentence must be served with no good time or early-release modifications?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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16. _____ is known as contends that individuals become stabilized in criminal roles when they are labeled as criminals.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Labeling Theory
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17. _____ is defined as traits associated with criminal behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Individual Personality Traits
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18. _____ is deprives offenders of their liberty and removes them from society, ensuring that they cannot further victimize society for a time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Incapacitation
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19. Is general Deterrence punishing an offender in public so other observers will refrain from criminal behavior?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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20. _____ is known as A monetary penalty imposed as a punishment for having committed an offense.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fine
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21. _____ is defined as inconsistencies in sentencing and/or sanctions that result from the decision-making process.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Disparity
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22. _____ is a differential response toward a group without providing any legally legitimate reasons for that response.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Discrimination
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23. Is determinate Presumptive Sentence this type of sentence specifies the exact length of the sentence to be served by the inmate?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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24. _____ is known as type of sentence with a range of time to be served; the specific sentence to be served within that range is decided by the judge.
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25. _____ is defined as maintains that concepts of inequality and power are the central issues underlying crime and its control.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conflict Theory
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26. _____ is magnify the offensive nature of a crime and tend to result in longer sentences.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Aggravating Circumstances
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27. A prison offers well-behaved inmates additional visitation opportunities. This would be an example of a _______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positive reinforcer
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28. Incarceration is the most commonly used sanction in the United States.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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29. According to this philosophy, an offender deserves to be punished because he or she violated the law.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retribution
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30. Which philosophy seeks to empower victims and maintains that they should be included in the sentencing process?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Restorative justice
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31. Disparity and discrimination have the same meaning; thus, these terms can be used interchangeably.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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32. Which of the following is an accurate statement about the effectiveness of incarceration?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Research is mixed; some studies find incarceration has a deterrent effect, while others do not.
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33. Which of the following philosophies uses punishment to scare the general public from engaging in crime?
Answer
Correct Answer:
General deterrence
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34. Which of the following philosophies is aimed at trying to predict which offenders pose the greatest risk to society and giving them a harsher punishment?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Selective incapacitation
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35. Which theory maintains that poor and powerless receive harsher sentences than the rich and powerful?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conflict theory
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36. Research indicates that some people are easy to deter than others.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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37. According to this philosophy, the purpose of punishment is to keep the offenders separate in order to protect public safety.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Incapacitation
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38. According to labeling theory, offenders recidivated because they are treated poorly after release.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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39. In United States v. Booker, the U.S. Supreme Court held that federal judges were required to follow sentencing guidelines.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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40. According to this philosophy, the purpose of punishment is to treat offenders so that they can become law-abiding.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rehabilitation
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41. Making the punishment fit the crime is central to ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retribution
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