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Rationality is the state of having good sense and sound judgment on the basis of the _____ before us.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Evidence
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Punishment is the act of imposing some unwanted burden, such as imprisonment or_____, on convicted persons in response to their crimes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Any of these
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Principle of Utility is the supposition that human action should be judged moral or immoral by its effects on the happiness of the community and that the proper function of the legislature is to make laws aimed at _____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both a and b
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Those who believe that human actions have causes and that these causes are to be found in the thoughts and experiences that typically precede those actions refer to _____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positivists
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Penology is the study of the processes and institutions involved in the _____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both a and b
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A philosophy of punishment that refers to the inability of criminals to victimize people outside prison walls while they are locked up is known as _____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Incapacitation
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The capacity of humans to make choices and their responsibility to make moral ones regardless of internal or external constraints on their ability to do so is known as_____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Human Agency
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Hedonistic Calculus is a method by which individuals are assumed to logically weigh the anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Hedonism is a doctrine maintaining that all goals in life are means to the end of _____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both a and b
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The presumed preventive effect of the _____ of punishment on the general population is known as General Deterrence.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Threat
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Enlightenment is a period in history when a major shift in the way people began to view the world and their place in it occurred, moving from a supernaturalistic worldview to a _____ worldview.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both a and b
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A model of law that stresses the accused’s rights more than the rights of the community is known as _____ Model.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Due process
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Deterrence is a philosophy of punishment aimed at the prevention of crime by the threat of_____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Punishment
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Crime Control Model is a model of law that emphasizes community protection from criminals and stresses that civil liberties can have real meaning in a _____ society.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both a and b
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Corrections are functions carried out by government and private agencies having to do with the _____ and management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses.
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these
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Contrast Effect is the effect of punishment on future behavior depending on how much the _____ of the person being punished differ or contrast.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both
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Classical School is a School of penology/criminology that was a nonempirical mode of inquiry similar to the philosophy practiced by the classical Greek philosophers—that is, “_____ philosophy.”
Answer
Correct Answer:
Armchair
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Which early thinker was incarcerated in England for defending his religion?
Answer
Correct Answer:
William Penn
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Which early thinker was a former prisoner of war?
Answer
Correct Answer:
John Howard
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In which type of punishment were prisoners removed from the home country?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Transportation
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Such thinkers as John Howard and William Penn were influenced by ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The Enlightenment
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In which type of punishment were prisoners sentenced to be rowers?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Galley slavery
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Who was the author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962)?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Thomas Kuhn
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The greatest advantage for a citizen who was punished in ancient societies was his or her ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Wealth
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What did Beaumont and Tocqueville come to America to study in 1831?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Prisons
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Certain social critics, such as Foucault (1979) and Welch (2005), maintain that prisons and other social institutions serve as ______ mechanisms, removing punishment from public view.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social control
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According to the text, “some themes have been almost eerily consistent, vis-à-vis corrections, over decades and even centuries,” including ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The influence of money over correctional policy decisions
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William Penn's influence was secular.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Newgate prison was originally a copper mine.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Galley slavery continued well after the invention of sails.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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The Catholic Church held its greatest influence over crime and punishment during the Middle Ages.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Politics is a constant theme throughout the history of corrections.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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