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Researching Cause and Effect MCQ

Running online experiments requires attention to ______.

Technology

Participant retention

Multiple submissions

All of these

Answer

Correct Answer: All of these

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With random assignment of subjects into experimental groups, we can assume that any observed difference between groups should be due only to the variable we are manipulating.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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When we design an experiment so we can compare pretest with posttest results, compare control group with experimental groups and take a look at a group to which nothing has happened except for a final test, we are using the ______.

Multivariate analyses

Factoral design

Solomon four-group design

Michaels’ random test design

Answer

Correct Answer: Solomon four-group design

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The concept of control in experimental design means to ______.

Remove all other possible variables from the design but your focus

Have one and only one lead researcher

Have periodic tests to make sure the research is following the design

Be certain there is a mechanism for decision making

Answer

Correct Answer: Remove all other possible variables from the design but your focus

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The basic experimental design focuses on manipulating a variable to see what will happen as a result.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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A between-subjects experimental design means that individuals are exposed to only one experimental condition.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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Control groups are experimental groups NOT exposed to any experimental variable.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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“Field experiments” take place under rigorously controlled conditions.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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The term ecological isomorphism refers to the extent to which experimental conditions are similar to the outside world the experiment seeks to replicate.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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When people drop out of a study, it’s known as ______.

Maturation

Attrition

Spurious relationship

Diffusion

Answer

Correct Answer: Attrition

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To be satisfied that variable A is the cause of changes observed in variable B we need to be assured only that A and B vary together.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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In your experiment, you discover that two variables thought to have a relationship actually do NOT have one. This is known as a ______.

False positive result

Internal invalidity

Factoral relationship

Spurious relationship

Answer

Correct Answer: Spurious relationship

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The term covariation means that one variable changes in value as another variable changes in value.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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A variable that causes change in another variable is referred to as the dependent variable.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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Information that helps locate or identify data is called

Metadata

Raw data

Master data

Big data

Answer

Correct Answer: Metadata

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Data about the conditions or processes related to research data collection is called

Raw data

Paradata

Master data

Big data

Answer

Correct Answer: Paradata

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A check on whether the research participants interpreted the experimental conditions as the researcher intended is called

Manipulation Check

Mobilization Check

Reduction Check

Persuasion Check

Answer

Correct Answer: Manipulation Check

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The effect that researchers themselves may have on an experimental group is called

John henry effect

Hawthorne effect

Halo effect

Observer effect

Answer

Correct Answer: Hawthorne effect

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Experimental Situation is The setting in which experimental subjects are placed in.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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External Validity Relates to whether an ____ has in fact captured the external world that the researcher is investigating.

Experiment

Analysis

Theory

Law

Answer

Correct Answer: Experiment

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The problem of some kind of bias in an experimental group because of the way the researcher has selected its members is known as

Research Bias

Experimenter Bias

Gender Bias

Knowledge Bias

Answer

Correct Answer: Experimenter Bias

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In experimental design, the problem of a treatment effect spreading from group to group as people communicate.

Effusion

Diffusion

Perfusion

Osmosis

Answer

Correct Answer: Diffusion

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The problem of individuals changing over time, most obviously by getting older is called

Effusion

Diffusion

Perfusion

Maturation

Answer

Correct Answer: Maturation

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Threat to internal validity due to participants becoming more and more familiar with a test is known as

Repeated Testing

Random Testing

Selective Testing

Dependent Testing

Answer

Correct Answer: Repeated Testing

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Attrition is The loss of participants from a study.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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A problem in experimental design stemming from the experimental groups not being comparable is called

Research Bias

Selection Bias

Gender Bias

Knowledge Bias

Answer

Correct Answer: Selection Bias

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An apparent relationship between two variables that is actually caused by a third variable is called as

Spurious Relationship

Causal Relationship

Specious Relationship

Dubious Relationship

Answer

Correct Answer: Spurious Relationship

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Internal Validity Relates to ____ design

Quasi

Experimental

Correlational

Scientific

Answer

Correct Answer: Experimental

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Analysis of a series of observations made over time is known as

Series Time Analysis

Time Series Analysis

Time Bias Analysis

Series Bias Analysis

Answer

Correct Answer: Time Series Analysis

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An experimental design in which participants are exposed to ____ experimental condition

One

More than one

Less than One

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: More than one

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Between-Subjects Design is An experimental design in which subjects are exposed to _____ experimental condition(s)

One

Two

Three

More than Three

Answer

Correct Answer: One

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Experimental designs that manipulate two or more variables at a time are called as

Relative Designs

Factorial Designs

Pictorial Designs

Subject Designs

Answer

Correct Answer: Factorial Designs

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Multivariate Analyses are Analyses that examine the relationship among _______ variables simultaneously.

One

Two

Three

Three or more

Answer

Correct Answer: Three or more

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Temporal Ordering is Ordering based on a _____sequence

Alphabet

Number

Time

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Time

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In Solomon Four-Group Design Group A and C revives ____ Treatment.

Non - experimental

Experimental

Theoretical

Non - theoretical

Answer

Correct Answer: Experimental

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_______ are Numbers that have an equal probability of occurring.

Random

Sequential

Odd

Even

Answer

Correct Answer: Random

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Random Assignment uses ______ Selection to assign research participants to experimental groups.

Sequential

Random

Odd

Even

Answer

Correct Answer: Random

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Experimental groups not exposed to any experimental variable are called

Fixed Groups

Random Groups

Control Groups

Solomon Group

Answer

Correct Answer: Control Groups

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_______ refers to gaining information about human behavior in order to be able to predict and control it.

Covariance

Control

Factor

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Control

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A less sophisticated level of experimental design is called as

Field Experiment

Failed Experiment

Controlled Experiment

Observed Experiment

Answer

Correct Answer: Field Experiment

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In Ex Post Facto Design here is ____ over experimental conditions.

No control

Full Control

Control

Less Control

Answer

Correct Answer: No control

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Ecological _____ is The extent to which an experimental condition is similar to the real-world conditions.

Isomorphism

Polymorphism

Endomorphism

Homomorphism

Answer

Correct Answer: Isomorphism

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A relationship between variables such that the values of one variable change as the values of another variable change is called as

Covariance

Control

Factor

Independent

Answer

Correct Answer: Covariance

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A variable whose values change as a result of changes in another variable

Is called _______ Variable

Dependent

Independent

Controlled

Non-Controlled

Answer

Correct Answer: Dependent

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A variable whose changes in values result in changes in another variable is called _______ Variable

Dependent

Independent

Controlled

Non-Controlled

Answer

Correct Answer: Independent

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In Causal Relationship changes in one variable demonstrably result in changes in another

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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Research procedures carried out under controlled conditions are called

Experiments

Analysis

Theories

Laws

Answer

Correct Answer: Experiments

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