Is units of Observation the cases about which measures actually are obtained in a sample?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as the level of social life on which a research question is focused
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Correct Answer:
Units of Analysis
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_____ is defined as a longitudinal study in which data are collected at two or more points in time from different samples of the same population
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Correct Answer:
Trend Studies
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_____ is a criterion for establishing a causal relation between two variables. The variation in the presumed cause (the independent variable) must occur before the variation in the presumed effect (dependent variable)
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Correct Answer:
Time Order
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_____ is known as a method in which one variable is held constant so that the relationship between two (or more) variables can be assessed without the influence of variation in the control variable
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Correct Answer:
Statistical Control
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_____ is defined as when the relationship between two variables is actually caused by a third variable
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Correct Answer:
Spurious Relationship
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_____ is an error in reasoning that occurs when an incorrect conclusion about group-level processes is based on individual-level data
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Correct Answer:
Reductionist Fallacy
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Is panel Study a longitudinal study of the same individuals?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a criterion for establishing a causal relation between two variables; when a relationship between two variables is not due to variation in a third variable
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Correct Answer:
Nonspuriousness
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_____ is defined as an explanation that identifies common influences on a number of cases or events
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Correct Answer:
Nomothetic Causal Explanation
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_____ is a third variable that interacts with the independent variable
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Correct Answer:
Moderator Variable
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Is mediating Variable the independent variable impacts the mediating variable, and the mediating variable affects the dependent variable. The effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable becomes zero?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a discernible process that creates a causal connection between two variables
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Correct Answer:
Mechanism
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_____ is defined as a study in which data are collected that can be ordered in time; research in which data are collected at two or more points in time
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Correct Answer:
Longitudinal Research Design
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_____ is variables that are influenced by independent variables and in turn inf luence variation in a dependent variable, thus helping to explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variables
Answer
Correct Answer:
Intervening Variables
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Is idiographic Causal Explanation an explanation that identifies the concrete, individual sequence of events, thoughts, or actions that resulted in a particular outcome for a particular individual or that led to a particular event?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as an error in reasoning in which the incorrect conclusions about individual-level processes are drawn from group-level data
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Correct Answer:
Ecological Fallacy
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_____ is defined as a study in which the data are collected at only one point in time
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Cross-Sectional Research Design
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_____ is the situation as it would have been in the absence of variation in the independent variable
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Counterfactual
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Is context a focus of idiographic causal explanation; a particular outcome is understood as part of a larger set of interrelated circumstances?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a type of longitudinal study in which data are collected at two or more points in time from individuals or groups with a common stating point. For example, people who were born in the 1940s and the 1950s (the “baby boom generation”)
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Cohort Study
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_____ is defined as a criterion for establishing a nomothetic causal relationship between two variables: variation in one variable is related to variation in another variable
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Association
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As a pre-schooler’s height increases, so does their ability to recite the alphabet. This statement is a violation of which criterion for causality?
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Correct Answer:
Nonspuriousness
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In a true experiment, time order is:
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Correct Answer:
Determined by the researcher.
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The technique of _____________ control allows researchers to determine whether the relationship between the independent and dependent variables still occurs while we hold constant the values of other variables.
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Correct Answer:
Statistical
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In experiments, the technique used to establish nonspuriousness is:
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Correct Answer:
Randomization
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Which of the following is NOT considered a criterion in deciding causality?
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Correct Answer:
Content
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This type of fallacy notes can be misled into concluding from individual-level data that race has a causal effect on violence because there is an association at the individual level between race and the likelihood of arrest for violent crim
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Correct Answer:
Reductionist fallacy
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A researcher who draws conclusions about group-level processes from individual-level data is making what is termed:
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reductionist fallacy.
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A spurious relationship is one in which the association between two variables is explained through intervening variables.
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Correct Answer:
True
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In cross-sectional research design, data are collected that can be ordered in tim
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Correct Answer:
True
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In a longitudinal research design, all data are collected at one point in tim
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Correct Answer:
False
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