_____ is known as confessions to crimes one did not commit, offered without coercion by others such as police or family members.
Answer
Correct Answer:
voluntary false confessions
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_____ is defined as occurs when a person seen in one situation is confused with a person seen in another situation.
Answer
Correct Answer:
unconscious transference
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_____ is tendency of people to exhibit the same behavior and tendencies across time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
trans-temporal consistency
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Is trans-situational consistency tendency of people to exhibit the same behavior and tendencies across different situations?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as the process of collecting data on behavioral, personality, cognitive, and demographic data on previous offenders in an attempt to identify other offenders. Used to detect drug trafficking and terrorism-related criminal activity.
Answer
Correct Answer:
suspect-based profiling
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_____ is defined as identification procedure in which police present a single suspect to the eyewitness(es) to see if the person or persons will identify that individual as the perpetrator.
Answer
Correct Answer:
show-up
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_____ is a live or photo lineup in which a witness views individuals all at once, such as standing in a row or in a photo array. Compare with sequential lineup.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Simultaneous lineup
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Is sequential lineup a live or photo lineup in which a witness views individuals in a series, requiring the witness to decide on whether to identify one individual before moving on to another. Compare with simultaneous lineup?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as the predominant method used by law enforcement in the United States to interview and interrogate criminal suspects. See also, accusatorial method.
Answer
Correct Answer:
reid method
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_____ is defined as reconstruction of the personality profile and cognitive features (especially intentions) after a person is deceased. Also called psychological autopsy.
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_____ is illegal singling out of someone (e.g., by law enforcement) solely on the basis of his or her race or ethnicity.
Answer
Correct Answer:
racial profiling
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Is psychological profiling the gathering of information on a known individual, generally one who poses a threat or is believed to be dangerous. Psychological profiles also may be prepared on public persona, such as presidents or historical figures?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as primarily undertaken in an effort to make a reasonable determination of what may have been in the mind of the deceased person leading up to and at the time of death—particularly if the death appears to be a suicide.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Psychological autopsy
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_____ is defined as the tendency of people to be able to discriminate between faces of their own race better than those of other races.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Own-race bias (ORB)
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_____ is enhancement or recovery of memory through non-hypnotic methods, such as free association, fantasy, and recall techniques.
Answer
Correct Answer:
non-hypnotic hypermnesia
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Is nomothetic approach refers to the search for general principles, relationships, and patterns by examining and combining data from many individuals. Compare with idiographic approach?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as actions and procedures an offender uses to commit a crime successfully.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Modus operandi (MO)
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_____ is defined as an investigative method that looks at similarities between crimes and attempts to connect them to the same offender.
Answer
Correct Answer:
linkage analysis
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_____ is umbrella term that refers to a scientific approach designed to improve our understanding of criminal behavior and the investigative process.
Answer
Correct Answer:
investigative psychology
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Is information-gathering approach a method of police interviewing and interrogation that does not presume guilt on the part of the person being questioned, but rather seeks to obtain information about events surrounding a crime. Compare with accusatorial approach?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as searching for general principles which can be applied to large groups by intense study of one individual. The detailed case study of one person illustrates an idiographic approach. Compare with nomothetic approach.
Answer
Correct Answer:
idiographic approach
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_____ is defined as effective method of interrogation designed to acquire knowledge for intelligence and national security purposes.
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_____ is the perspective that hypnosis represents a special state of consciousness that promotes a high level of responsiveness to suggestion and changes in bodily feelings.
Answer
Correct Answer:
hypnotic trance theory
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Is hypnotic hypermnesia the enhancement or revival of memory through hypnosis?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a polygraph test that assesses the extent to which the polygraph examinee is aware of facts about a crime. See also control question technique (CQT). The GKT is preferred by researchers, but is used less often by practicing polygraphers than the CQT.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Guilty Knowledge Test (GKT)
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_____ is defined as focuses on the location of the crime and how it relates to the residence or base of operations of the offender. Assumes that serial offenders prefer to commit their crimes near their own residences.
Answer
Correct Answer:
geographical profiling
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_____ is concerned with analyzing the spatial patterns of crimes committed by numerous offenders over a period of time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
geographical mapping
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Is false confessions admissions of guilt that are not valid and are often but not necessarily induced by coercive interrogation procedures?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as computerized or artist drawings of faces from information supplied by witnesses.
Answer
Correct Answer:
facial composites
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_____ is defined as reconstruction of the personality profile and cognitive features (especially intentions) of deceased persons when the cause of death is not clear. Also called psychological autopsy.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Equivocal death analysis (EDA)
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_____ is a lineup procedure in which neither the person making an identification nor the person administering the lineup knows the identity of the suspect.
Answer
Correct Answer:
double-blind lineup
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Is differential experience hypothesis states that individuals will have greater familiarity or experience with members of their own race and will thus—in identification procedures—be better able to discern differences among members of their own race?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a broad term for the investigation of crime. May or may not include crime scene profiling.
Answer
Correct Answer:
criminal investigative analysis
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_____ is defined as the development of a rough behavioral or psychological sketch of an offender based on clues identified at the crime scene.
Answer
Correct Answer:
crime scene profiling
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_____ is the most preferred procedure by professional polygraphers in cases requiring the investigation of specific incidents, such as criminal acts. Compare with Guilty Knowledge Test.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Control question technique (CQT)
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Is confirmation bias the tendency to look for evidence that confirms one’s preexisting expectations or beliefs?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as characteristic of a police lineup that unfairly encourages a witness to identify the suspect in custody (e.g., no lineup members approximate the suspect’s age).
Answer
Correct Answer:
composition bias
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_____ is defined as the phenomenon that once a witness commits to a certain viewpoint, such as identification of a face, the witness is less likely to change his or her mind.
Answer
Correct Answer:
commitment bias
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_____ is related to hypnosis, this is the perspective that hypnotic participants are not in an altered state of consciousness but rather are playing a role suggested by the hypnotist.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive-behavioral viewpoint
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Is cognitive load during police interviewing and interrogation, this refers to the cognitive demands placed on the interviewee, with the premise that this will make it more difficult for the interviewee to be deceptive. An example would be asking the person to recount events of the past day in reverse order of when they occurred?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is method of interviewing and interrogation that asks questions the suspect does not anticipate.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive lie detection
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Is cognitive interview (CI) method of interviewing that uses memory retrieval and various communication techniques aimed at increasing the amount of accurate information from witnesses and victims. Its goal is to make the interviewee aware of all events that happened in a situation?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as admissions of guilt most likely to occur after prolonged and intense interrogation experiences, such as when sleep deprivation is a feature. The suspect, in desperation to avoid further discomfort, admits to the crime even knowing that he or she is innocent.
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_____ is defined as these occur when innocent persons—who are tired, confused, and highly psychologically vulnerable—come to believe that they actually committed the crime.
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_____ is predictions of behavior (e.g., violence) that are based primarily on clinical knowledge rather than on statistical or actuarial data. Compare with actuarial predictions and structured professional judgment (SPJ).
Answer
Correct Answer:
clinical predictions
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Is actuarial predictions these are predictions that employ statistics to identify certain facts about a person’s background and known behavior that can be related to the behavior being predicted, based on how groups of individuals with similar characteristics have acted in the past?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is in police interrogation, an aggressive questioning procedure that assumes the suspect is responsible for a criminal offense and has the goal of obtaining a confession. Compare with information-gathering approach.
Answer
Correct Answer:
accusatorial approach
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An identification procedure in which neither the witness nor the person administering the lineup knows the true suspect is called a ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Double-blind lineup
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Which statement about interrogation of juveniles is correct?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Adolescents are prone to give false confessions due to their immaturity.
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Polygraphs are mostly used in ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Personnel screening in government agencies
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The preference to have one’s views confirmed is referred to as ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Confirmation bias
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Sarah is quiet and reserved in her kindergarten class yet chatty and outgoing at home. Sarah’s behavior indicates a lack of ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Trans-situational consistency
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Psychological profiling refers to gathering data on ______ individuals utilizing ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Known; tests and interviews
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If a confession is to be used as evidence, it must be freely and voluntarily given.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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An equivocal death analysis is also called a psychological autopsy.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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A case study is an example of a(n) ______ approach.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Idiographic
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The predominant method of interrogation used in the United States is called ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The Reid method
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Compared to typical forensic interrogations, HUMINT interrogations are ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conducted by a team
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Racial profiling is an example of psychological profiling.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Which type of profiling is associated with Rossmo’s hunting patterns theory?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Geographical profiling
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According to Canter and Alison (2000), three fundamental psychological questions characterize all criminal investigations. Which of the following is one of these questions?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Are there any other crimes that are likely to have been committed by the same person?
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All of the following are categories of profiling except ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Confirmation profiling
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