Criminology And Criminal Justice (Research) MCQ Questions Answers

1. Neutralization theory is associated with ______ theorists.

2. _____ is outlining the sections in an already written draft of a paper or report to improve its organization in the next draft.

3. Is plagiarism presenting as one’s own the ideas or words of another person or persons for academic evaluation without proper acknowledgment?

4. _____ is known as a type of research in which the researcher involves some organizational members as active participants throughout the process of studying an organization; the goal is making changes in the organization.

5. _____ is defined as methodology based on rejection of belief in an external reality; it emphasizes the importance of exploring the way in which different stakeholders in a social setting construct their beliefs.

6. _____ is a table that presents cross-classification data efficiently by eliminating unnecessary percentages, such as the percentage corresponding to the second value of a dichotomous variable.

7. Is combined frequency display a table that presents together the distributions for a set of conceptually similar variables having the same response categories; common headings are used for the responses?

8. _____ is known as in field research, a credible sense of understanding of social processes that reflects the researcher’s awareness of participants’ actions as well as their words and what they fail to state, feel deeply, and take for granted.

9. _____ is defined as an accounting by a qualitative researcher that describes the natural history of the development of evidence; this enables others to more adequately evaluate the findings.

10. _____ is techniques used to search and code textual, visual, or other content and to explore relationships among the resulting categories.

11. Is qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) a systematic type of qualitative analysis that identifies the combination of factors that had to be present across multiple cases to produce a particular outcome?

12. _____ is known as the process in which a qualitative analyst interacts with the data and gradually refines his or her focus.

13. _____ is defined as a form of qualitative analysis in which the analyst focuses on how respondents impose order on the flow of experience in their lives and so make sense of events and actions in which they have participated.

14. _____ is a form that systematically records particular features of multiple cases or instances and how they are related.

15. Is grounded theory systematic theory developed inductively, based on observations that are summarized into conceptual categories, reevaluated in the research setting, and gradually refined and linked to other conceptual categories?

16. _____ is known as a qualitative research method focused on the way that participants in a social setting create and sustain a sense of reality.

17. _____ is defined as a list and/or copy of all contacts, interviews, and written documents that preserves a record of the project

18. _____ is developed from ethnomethodology, this qualitative method focuses on the sequence and details of conversational interaction and on how reality is constructed.

19. Is computer‑assisted qualitative data analysis uses special computer software to assist qualitative analyses through creating, applying, and refining categories; tracing linkages between concepts; and making comparisons among cases and events?

20. _____ is known as a statistic that measures the variability of a distribution as the average squared deviation of each score from the mean of all scores.

21. _____ is defined as a feature of a variable’s distribution, referring to the extent to which cases are spread out through the distribution or clustered in only one location.

22. _____ is a distribution of a variable in which there is only one value that is the most frequent.

23. Is subtables tables describing the relationship between two variables within the discrete categories of one or more other control variables?

24. _____ is known as An association that is not likely to be due to chance, judged by a criterion set by the analyst (often that the probability is less than 5 out of 100 or p < .05).

25. _____ is defined as the square root of the average squared deviation of each case from the mean.

26. _____ is a type of relationship involving three or more variables in which the association between the independent and dependent variables varies across the categories of one or more other control variables.

27. Is skewness a feature of a variable’s distribution; refers to the extent to which cases are clustered more at one or the other end of the distribution rather than around the middle?

28. _____ is known as a statistical technique for characterizing the pattern of a relationship between two quantitative variables in terms of a linear equation and for summarizing the strength of this relationship.

29. _____ is defined as the true upper limit in a distribution minus the true lower limit (or the highest rounded value minus the lowest rounded value, plus one).

30. _____ is the points in a distribution corresponding to the first 25% of the cases, the first 50% of the cases, and the top 25% of the cases.

31. Is positively skewed describes a distribution in which the cases cluster to the left and the right tail of the distribution is longer than the left?

32. _____ is known as relative frequencies, computed by dividing the frequency of cases in a particular category by the total number of cases and multiplying by 100.

33. _____ is defined as an exceptionally high or low value in a distribution.

34. _____ is a distribution in which cases cluster to the right side and the left tail of the distribution is longer than the right.

35. Is monotonic relationship a pattern of association in which the value of cases on one variable increases or decreases fairly regularly across the categories of another variable?

36. _____ is known as the most frequent value in a distribution, also termed the probability average.

37. _____ is defined as the position average, or the point that divides a distribution in half (the 50th percentile).

38. _____ is A type of descriptive statistic that summarizes the strength of an association.

39. Is mean the arithmetic or weighted average, computed by adding up the value of all the cases and dividing by the total number of cases?

40. _____ is known as the summary distributions in the margins of a cross-tabulation that correspond to the frequency distribution of the row variable and of the column variable.

41. _____ is defined as the range in a distribution between the end of the first quartile and the beginning of the third quartile.

42. _____ is Mathematical tools for estimating how likely it is that a statistical result based on data from a random sample is representative of the population from which the sample is assumed to have been selected.

43. Is histogram a graphic for quantitative variables in which the variable’s distribution is displayed with adjacent bars?

44. _____ is known as a frequency distribution in which the data are organized into categories, either because there are more values than can be easily displayed or because the distribution of the variable will be clearer or more meaningful.

45. _____ is defined as a measure of association sometimes used in cross-tabular analyses.

46. _____ is numerical display showing the number of cases, and usually the percentage of cases (the relative frequencies), corresponding to each value or group of values of a variable.

47. Is elaboration analysis the process of introducing a third variable into an analysis in order to better understand—to elaborate—the bivariate (two-variable) relationship under consideration; additional control variables also can be introduced?

48. _____ is known as statistics used to describe the distribution of and relationship among variables.

49. _____ is defined as the process of checking data for errors after the data have been entered in a computer file.

50. _____ is a bivariate (two-variable) distribution showing the distribution of one variable for each category of another variable.

51. Is correlation coefficient (r) a summary statistic that varies from 0 to 1 or -1, with 0 indicating the absence of a linear relationship between two quantitative variables and 1 or -1 indicating that the relationship is completely described by the line representing the regression of the dependent variable on the independent variable?

52. Is correlation analysis a standardized statistical technique that summarizes the strength of a relationship between two quantitative variables in terms of its adherence to a linear pattern?

53. _____ is known as an inferential statistic used to test hypotheses about relationships between two or more variables in a cross-tabulation.

54. _____ is defined as a feature of a variable’s distribution; refers to the value or values around which cases tend to center.

55. _____ is a distribution that has two nonadjacent categories with about the same number of cases, and these categories have more cases than any other categories.

56. Is base N the total number of cases in a distribution?

57. _____ is known as a graphic for qualitative variables in which the variable’s distribution is displayed with solid bars separated by spaces.

58. _____ is defined as In mixed-methods research, this design uses a social justice focus to improve the well-being of vulnerable populations.

59. _____ is a philosophy developed by John Dewey and others that emphasized the importance of taking action and learning from the outcomes to generate knowledge.

60. Is multiphase design in mixed-methods research, this design involves a series of quantitative and qualitative designs; each design and the findings inform the next phase?

61. _____ is known as research that combines qualitative and quantitative methods in an investigation of the same or related research question(s).

62. _____ is defined as the qualitative analysis of findings from multiple qualitative studies.

63. _____ is the quantitative analysis of findings from multiple studies.

64. Is exploratory sequential design in mixed-methods research, a design in which the qualitative method is implemented first and the quantitative method next?

65. _____ is known as in mixed-methods research, a design in which the quantitative method is implemented first and the qualitative method next.

66. _____ is defined as in mixed-methods research, a design in which the primary method is qualitative or quantitative, but the researcher adds the other component to gain additional insight.

67. _____ is a standardized measure of association—often the difference between the mean of the experimental group and the mean of the control group on the dependent variable—adjusted for the average variability in the two groups.

68. Is convergent parallel design in mixed-methods research, a design in which quantitative and qualitative methods are implemented at the same time. The findings are integrated and interpreted together?

69. _____ is known as a program evaluation that is guided by a theory that specifies the process by which the program has an effect.

70. _____ is defined as summary review about the impact of a program wherein the analyst attempts to account for differences across research designs and samples, often using statistical techniques such as a meta-analysis.

71. _____ is individuals and groups who have some basis of concern with a program.

72. Is stakeholder approaches (responsive evaluation) an orientation to evaluation research that expects researchers to be responsive primarily to the people involved with the program?

73. _____ is known as an orientation to evaluation research that expects researchers to emphasize the importance of researcher expertise and maintenance of autonomy from program stakeholders.

74. _____ is defined as a descriptive or prescriptive model of how a program operates and produces its effects.

75. _____ is the complete treatment or service delivered by a program.

76. Is process evaluation (program monitoring) evaluation research that investigates the process of service delivery?

77. _____ is known as a process in which research results are used to provide policy actors with recommendations for action that are based on empirical evidence and careful reasoning.

78. _____ is defined as the services delivered or new products produced by a program process.

79. _____ is The impact of a program process on the cases processed.

80. Is one‑shot design a research design that measures the dependent variable after the treatment has been delivered for only those who receive the treatment?

81. _____ is known as a type of evaluation research that attempts to determine the needs of some population that might be met with a social program.

82. _____ is defined as an orientation to evaluation research that expects researchers to respond to concerns of people involved with stakeholders as well as to the standards and goals of the social scientific community.

83. _____ is resources, raw materials, clients, and staff that go into a program.

84. Is impact evaluation (impact analysis) analysis of the extent to which a treatment or other service has the intended effect?

85. _____ is known as process evaluation that is used to shape and refine program operations.

86. _____ is defined as information about service delivery system outputs, outcomes, or operations that is available to any program inputs.

87. _____ is a policy that has been evaluated with a methodologically rigorous design and has been proven to be effective.

88. Is evaluability assessment a type of evaluation research conducted to determine whether it is feasible to evaluate a program’s effects within the available time and resources?

89. _____ is known as a type of evaluation research that compares program costs to program effects. It can be either a cost–benefit analysis or a cost–effectiveness analysis.

90. _____ is defined as a type of evaluation research that compares program costs to actual program outcomes.

91. _____ is a type of evaluation research that compares program costs to the economic value of program benefits.

92. Is campbell collaboration a group producing systematic reviews of programs and policies in many areas, including criminal justice, social work, and education?

93. _____ is known as this type of evaluation occurs when an evaluation ignores and does not identify the process by which the program produced the effect.

94. _____ is defined as in contrast to applied research, the main motivation of basic science is to advance general knowledge and/or to test theoretical propositions.

95. _____ is research that has an impact on policy and can be immediately utilized and applied.

96. Is sociogram a graph representing the social configurations, with individuals (or some other unit) represented by points and their social relationships to one another depicted by lines?

97. _____ is known as types of relationships that can include many different forms, such as face-to-face and online interactions, digital economic transactions, interaction with a criminal justice agency, geopolitical relations among nation states, and so on.

98. _____ is defined as an approach to analysis and a set of methodological techniques that help researchers and practitioners describe and explore relationships that both individuals and groups have with each other.

99. _____ is modeling that uses data from several sources to predict the probability of crime occurring in the future, using the underlying factors of the environment that are associated with illegal behavior.

100. Is relations the connections in a network graph, sometimes called ties, links, arcs, or edges?