Microbiology MCQ
Infection of the ________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs.
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The baltimore scheme to classify viruses contains a total of ________ groups based on ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Ssdna genome becoming a dsdna genome
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Replication of most ________ viruses is similar to normal cellular processes.
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The differential stage of the gram stain is the application of _____.
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Plasmids typically carry ___ genes
Answer
Correct Answer:
Phospholipids
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__________ are used for communication by the microbes in biofilms.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Quorum-sensing molecules
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An antimicrobial agent that ________ will have the most lasting germicidal effect.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Damages DNA
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The ________ are the largest known group of archaea.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Methanogens
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A(n) ________ is a damage or injury to a host organism that impairs its function.
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The mouse model of obesity suggests that __________ is linked to increased body mass.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A reduction in Bacteroidetes
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______________ mutations arise occasionally in all cells and in the absence of any added agent.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mutations
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Obligate ______ live at low ph extremes and sometimes maintain the low ph by releasing strong acid.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Acidophiles
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Transcriptional regulators bind most frequently at the ________ site of dna.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Major groove
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The ________ demonstrates the roles played by households and firms in the market system.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Circular flow model
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Some viruses have a dsdna genome. others may have a ________ genome.
Answer
Correct Answer:
SsDNA, ssRNA, or dsRNA
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Horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase are enzymes used in _____ tests.
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Heat is used to drive the stain into cells in the ________ staining procedure(s).
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both acid-fast and endospore stains
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Genomic _____ are collections of isolated genes maintained in a cloning host.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Libraries
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A _____ is the presence of small numbers of bacteria in the blood.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bacteremia
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The rumen is an ________ habitat that depends on ________ to digest cellulose for ruminant animals.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Aerobic / cellulolytic and fermentative bacteria
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The reactivated form of chickenpox is called _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Congenital defects
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The united states rebelled against a _____ government.
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Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a(n) _____ has occurred.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sensation
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Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.
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With external style sheets, the link statement is placed between the ____ tags.
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Two aspects of family closeness during adolescence are _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Support and connectedness
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The accelerated growth and advances in taxonomy as a science occurred during _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Renaissance
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Fruit is most important in facilitating _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Seed dispersal
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The aids virus becomes established in cells bearing the __________ receptor.
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__________ is the science that analyzes energy changes in a collection of matter.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Thermodynamics
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When our oil supply is depleted, a new material will need to be used to produce _________.
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Factors that enhance an organism's ability to adhere to host tissues include __________.
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Hydrogen peroxide does not make a good antiseptic for open wounds because __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Catalase in human tissues neutralizes it
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Aseptic hand washing includes ____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Keeping your hands lower than your forearms
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The phenomenon of ________ facilitates the binding of phagocyte pseudopodia to pathogens.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Opsonization
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The ________ play a role in preventing neoplastic cells from progressing to cancer.
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Gonorrhea is often asymptomatic in women because __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The cervix is usually the site of infection
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The ___________ subdivides the pelvis into the true pelvis and the false pelvis.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pelvic brim
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Washing dishes in the dishwasher with detergent and hot water is a ________ process.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Disinfecting
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Virulence factors that enhance invasiveness of a pathogen can include __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the listed responses
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Trace elements are found in bacterial cells in very small amounts because they __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Function only in a limited set of enzymes and cofactors
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The vaccine against smallpox developed by edward jenner is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Attenuated
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The penalty for failure to correct a prior osha violation is a ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fine of up to $70,000 and/or up to 6 months' imprisonment
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Normal microbiota helps to ________ colonization of pathogenic organisms.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Prevent -
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Microorganisms that infect the middle ear cavity most frequently come from the __________.
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Microbial cells first evolved on earth approximately ________ billion years ago.
Answer
Correct Answer:
3.8 to 3.9
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Media containing some ingredients of unknown chemical composition are called __________ media.
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Measles is described as a ______ skin lesion.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Maculopapular.
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Many cultured and characterized strains from the phylum crenarchaeota were isolated from _____ .
Answer
Correct Answer:
Thermal hot springs
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Marsupials survived in australia (as opposed to asia) because ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Marsupials were better adapted
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The phenolic ________ is present in many consumer products labeled "antibacterial."
Answer
Correct Answer:
Triclosan
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To solidify media used to grow microbes, usually __________ is added to the nutrient broth.
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Spherical bacteria that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Streptococci
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A _______ is a marine organism that swims throughout the water column.
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________ is the single most important factor in predicting whether an individual votes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Education level
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The ________ typically consists of five or six flattened membranous discs called cisternae.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Golgi apparatus
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During __________, the phage remains latent.
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The antibiotic polymyxin b combines with phospholipids. this will cause __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Leakage of cell contents
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The _____ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Tetracyclines
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Quorum sensing affects biofilm development through control of __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these
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A bacterium that lacks the mreb gene will have a ________ shape.
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A popular seedless vascular plant is _____. moss the juniper the fern the rose
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When cells are metabolically active but not dividing, they are in the ________ phase.
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Bergey's manual contains __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Taxonomic information.
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Exotoxins can be denatured by iodine to form __________, which are useful in vaccines.
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The production of natural carbon dioxide by yeasts after a wine is bottled results in ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Champagne.
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With the exception of some sponges, all animals are _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Heterotrophs
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Bread products can be spoiled by the growth of bacillus species that produce _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gassy doughs.
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_____ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _____ heat.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Moist, dry.
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A chemical that is effective in preserving foods with a low ph such as bread is ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sodium propionate
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Most biopolymers industrially produced by means of microorganisms are _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Polysaccharides,
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The __________ clade includes 160 species, with most producing arbuscular mycorrhizae.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Glomeromycete
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The ________ method provides an estimate of the cfus (colony-forming units) in a sample
Answer
Correct Answer:
Viable plate-count
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The first penicillin-producing fungus that could be grown in stirred fermenters was _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Penicillium chrysogenum
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Pathogens can be given off and carried in the air when an infected individual __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Coughs or sneezes into the air
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The presence of pathogens tends to _______ the evolution of sexual reproduction because _______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Favor; populations require more genetic variation to evolve defenses against pathogens
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In miller's 1953 laboratory experiment, __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Abiotic compounds cycled through the apparatus and were sampled for organic compounds.
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If you cut a flatworm in half, both halves can grow into a new individual by _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fragmentation.
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A branched network of hyphae formed by the actinomycetes is called a __________.
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Actinomycetes form long filaments called ___________.
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The first person to use heating processes to preserve foods was _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Nicholas Appert.
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Fecal-oral infections are usually a result of __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bodily fluid transmission
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A nutrient agar slant is used in microbiology to __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Transport and store microbes.
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Aflatoxin is a(n) ________ associated with ingestion of contaminated ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mycotoxin; peanuts.
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The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the _____ rate.
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Variations in the size and shape of cells within a single species of bacteria is known as ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pleomorphism
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The microbes commonly known as ________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.
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The main functions of the bacterial cell wall include all of the following except __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Actively transporting solutes against the concentration gradient
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The function of nad+/nadh in the cell is best described as __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A way to increase the types of redox reactions that occur in the cell by acting as an intermediary between dissimilar compounds
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The classification of algae is based largely on __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Photosynthetic pigments
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The 'soap scum' on a shower curtain is an example of __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A biofilm
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The _____ of a virus is enclosed by a _____ capsid.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Nucleic acid; protein
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During the gram stain, the application of alcohol results in the decolorization of ______ cells.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gram-negative
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Carbohydrates typically include ______
Answer
Correct Answer:
C, H, and O atoms
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Dermatophytes are fungi that can infect the __________ because they can grow on/in __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Outer skin; keratin
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By definition, parasites ________ their host.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Feed on and harm
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Antigenic variation occurs almost yearly with the influenza _________ virus.
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The _____ stain is used to stain and differentiate mycobacterium and nocardia from other bacteria.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Acid-fast
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Proteins known as ________ function to refold partially denatured proteins.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Chaperonins
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All _____ consist of a thiazolidine ring, a beta-lactam ring, and an r group.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Penicillins.
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A viroid is a naked, infectious _____ molecule.
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A microorganism that has been used in the production of sour mash whiskey is _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
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__________ activate repressor proteins thereby decreasing the synthesis of certain enzymes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Corepressors
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The term radappertization is used to describe food preservation by _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gamma irradiation.
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Icosahedral viruses are constructed from ring- or knob-shaped units called __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Capsomers
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The trophic level of ""producers"" includes ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Any organisms producing biomass directly from photosynthesis
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The _____ of the microscope holds and allows selection of the objective lenses.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Nosepiece
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Rabies is an example of a zoonosis that is hard to control because __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Its reservoir contains both domestic and sylvatic animals
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Phagocytic cells associated with the epidermis are called __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Dendritic cells
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Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles are examples of _____.
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A(n) ________ organism require(s) oxygen for growth.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Obligate aerobic
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You observe a microbial colony on glycerol yeast agar. this microbe is likely to be __________
Answer
Correct Answer:
An actinomycete
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Nitrogen is a growth-limiting nutrient because cells need it to manufacture __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Proteins and nucleotides
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Metabolic activity is at maximum level in the ________ phase of growth.
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Instead of oxygen, __________ may utilize nitrate or sulfate as their final electron acceptors.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Obligate anaerobes
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Because lps is bound to the surface of bacteria, it is called a(n) __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Endotoxin
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Bacterial cells are prokaryotic; unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Have no membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm
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Bacterial binary fission results in ________ growth.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Exponential
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Bacterial ________ are sites of metabolite storage.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Inclusions
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A pathogen must __________ in order for it to cause disease.
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above
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_______ is a peptidoglycan-like molecule found in the cell walls of some archaea.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pseudomurein
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A series of enzymatic steps that fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrate is called the ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Calvin cycle
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The purine___ always binds with the pyrimidine__ in dna and rna.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Guanine, cytosine
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Media in which all components and their concentration are known are called __________ media.
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Initial attachment of microorganisms often involves ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Flagella and is reversible
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Increasing genetic variability by the uptake of dna from the environment is __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Transformation
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In the lysogenic cycle, new viral particles are _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Packaged and released when triggered by radiation, chemicals, or other environmental signals
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In the lac operon, the inducer is __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Allolactose, the isomer of lactose
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In lateral gene transfer, genes are ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Moved from one species to another
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During protein synthesis, ____ rna is made as a copy of a gene from dna.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Messenger
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Fermentation often produces co2, which can be used by ________ as an electron acceptor for energy.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Acetogens and methanogens
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Attenuation involves the termination of ______ synthesis
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Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as ________ infections.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Iatrogenic
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Artificially stimulating antibodies to a disease is called _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Immunization
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An organism that cannot synthesize methionine is an example of __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
An auxotroph
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An __________ pathogen can cause disease in a host with impaired resistance.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Opportunistic
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A medium containing known substances in precise amounts is known as a ________ media.
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A color change will occur during an elisa when a substrate reacts with _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
An enzyme
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A chemical that denatures proteins is most likely to be classified as a(n) ________ agent.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bacteriocidal
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________ reactions build new organic molecules from smaller inorganic and organic compounds.
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The __________ is the electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
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All of the following methods are used for food preservation except __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Microwaves.
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The _____________ lactose is often used as a substrate for penicillin production.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Disaccharide
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Pathogens produce virulence factors primarily to ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Outcompete host cells for resources.
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Vectors that some protozoa use to transfer disease are _____.
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Viruses _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Use the host cell to copy themselves and make viral proteins
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When using an inoculating loop to take a sample of bacteria from a petri dish, you should ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Touch or very lightly scrape the bacterial sample
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Vaccination triggers an immune response which produces ________ immunity.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Artificial active
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Treatment of gas gangrene may involve _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Antibiotics and surgery to remove the dead tissue
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Translation begins when a __________ molecule binds to a __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
MRNA; small ribosomal subunit
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This variable region gives an antibody ______ for an _______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Specificity, antigen
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The two most important alcohol germicides are __________ and __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Ethanol; isopropanol
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The translation process in eukaryotes requires all of the following: _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above
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The proton motive force (pmf) is driven by __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The difference in charge across the plasma membrane with protons outside the membrane
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The prokaryotes that cause tooth decay have a ________ relationship with humans.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Parasitic
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The presence or absence of _____ differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A nucleus
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The peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria is most analogous to _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A chain-link fence
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The pathogenic prokaryotes that cause cholera are _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bacteria that release an exotoxin
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The most widely accepted current model for membrane structures is called the __________ model.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fluid mosaic
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The most common method used by clinical microbiology labs for identifying bacteria are _________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Biochemical
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The cell walls of __________ contain tetrapeptides.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria
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The archaea are similar to bacteria in all of the following aspects except __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Their ribosomal proteins
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Taxonomy consists of all of the following activities except __________.
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Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Surrounded by two membranes
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Proteins that are loosely associated with the cytoplasmic membrane are called __________ proteins.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Peripheral.
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Proofreading of newly-synthesized dna is important because __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A high fidelity in the copying of DNA is necessary for good heredity
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Operons are a standard method for gene regulation in _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Prokaryotes but not eukaryotes
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On first exposure to antigen, t helper cells __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Become activated and increase in number
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Newly inoculated cultures must be _____ at a specific temperature and time to encourage growth.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Incubated
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Mucus and sweat contain ________ which damage and kill bacteria.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Antimicrobial peptides
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Koch's work involving anthrax was significant because it was the first time __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A bacterium had been proven to cause a disease
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Human normal microbiota begin to develop __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
During birth
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Fungal infections are known as ________ and can be acquired from environmental or clinical sources.
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Both transcription and dna replication involve __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Synthesis using a DNA template
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All of these statements are characteristic of vzv infections except __________.
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Correct Answer:
A person can get shingles from a person who has chickenpox
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All of these parts of the digestive system are almost free of microbes except __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The ileum
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A(n) ________ gene is a gene that encodes a protein that is easy to detect and assay.
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In a bacterial cell undergoing binary fission and balanced growth, __________.
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Correct Answer:
The proportion of all cell constituents will remain the same over time
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An antimicrobial chemical used on the skin is usually called a(n) __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Antiseptic
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An antibiotic that increased the activity of ________ would likely result in cell death.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Autolysin
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Contamination with ________ is a concern because they are highly resistant to killing.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Endospores
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_________ are the precursors to macrophages.
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Correct Answer:
Monocytes
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Double fertilization produces a ___________ embryo and a _________ endosperm.
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Correct Answer:
Diploid, triploid
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When shellfish ingest dinoflagellates, __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
They can become poisonous.
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The photoautotrophic prokaryotes that generate oxygen as a by-product are the _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cyanobacteria.
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The ability of microbes to utilize n2 as a nitrogen source is called __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Nitrogen fixation
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Slime molds are not classified as fungi, in part because they __________..
Answer
Correct Answer:
They have cell walls
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Single-celled prokaryotes had the earth to themselves for approximately __________..
Answer
Correct Answer:
1.5 billion years
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A cladogram begins with a common _____________ of all the organisms represented above.
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A chemoheterotroph obtains its energy from __________ and its carbon from __________ sources.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Redox reactions; organic
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Zygomycota produce _____, which germinate into new hyphae.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Zygospores
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Varieties of staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Developed in response to the use of methicillin
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The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Halophiles
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The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cyanobacteria
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A charged trna first enters the ribosomal ________ site and then moves into the ________ site.
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Acidic dyes are commonly used for ________ stains.
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The generation time of bacterial cells is shortest during the ________ phase.
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The generation time of escherichia coli in the human intestine is ________ in laboratory culture.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Slower than
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The e. coli lac operon has ________ operator sequences.
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Media used to test carbohydrate utilization of bacteria often contain ph indicators ____________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
In order to detect if acid is produced as a result of carbohydrate metabolism
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The body's ability to resist pathogens and disease is called ____.
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Most enveloped viruses use the host __________ membrane as their envelope source.
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A mrna codon is complementary to the dna ________.
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A colony-forming unit is a __________.
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Single cell or group of related cells that gives rise to a colony
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_____ manual of systematic bacteriology is a manual of bacterial descriptions and classifications.
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During the gram stain, _____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gram-negative
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The yeast candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The normal microbiota
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Two major structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ___ and ___.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Fimbrae, capsules
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Which of the following statements about quorum sensing is false? quorum sensing _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Is cell-cell communication in eukaryotes
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You can probably find algae _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above
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Under a microscope, gram-negative bacteria (when dyed with the gram stain) appear _____.
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Unlike sulfolobus, some archaea use ___________ protein(s) to accomplish cytokinesis.
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The toxic component of lipopolysaccharide is called _________.
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Translation directly involves _____
Answer
Correct Answer:
MRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and GTP
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Plasma cells ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody
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The synthesis of β-galactosidase is regulated by __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Induction and catabolite repression
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The site on the dna to which a repressor protein binds is the __________.
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The release factor (rf) _____.
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Correct Answer:
Binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of a tRNA
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The main advantage of a spread plate over a streak plate is that the spread plate __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Allows for the calculation of cell numbers
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Terrestrial biomes are defined in a large part by ________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The plants that live there
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Sulfanilamides interfere with __________.
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Correct Answer:
Folic acid synthesis in bacteria
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Some ________ use group translocation as a means of transport.
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Prokaryotic operons typically include a(n) ________ and a(n) ________ with multiple genes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Operator, promoter
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Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm.
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Parasites
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One difference between algae and plants is that _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Plants have roots, stems, or leaves
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One chain of alternating nags and nams is connected to another chain via _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Tetrapeptides
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Microbiologists study parasitic worms because __________.
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Correct Answer:
They cause diseases that are diagnosed by finding Microscopic eggs in clinical specimen
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Methanogens are an example of a/an __________.
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Correct Answer:
Obligate anaerobes
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Methanogenesis, not methylotrophy, is the __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Oxidation of H2
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Diatoms have cell walls composed of _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Silicon dioxide
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Chlamydia is the most prevalent _______________ std.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bacterial
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Capsules play a role in the virulence of all of the following except __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Antimicrobial agents that damage the viral envelope __________.
Answer
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Prevent attachment of the virus to its target cell
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An f+ bacterial cell __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Acts as a donor during conjugation
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All of the following are potential end-products of fermentation except __________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pyruvic acid
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All of the following are found in the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria except __________.
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A major difference between exotoxins and endotoxins is that endotoxins are _____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Physically part of the bacterial structure
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A halotolerant facultative anaerobic bacterium would grow best in a ________ environment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Oxygenated non-saline
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A bacterium containing ________ provided with hydrogen peroxide will produce oxygen bubbles.
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A _____ is a measure taken to lessen the likelihood of pregnancy.
Answer
Correct Answer:
contraceptive
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____________ is used to measure the amount of a chemoattractant encountered over time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Methylation
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__________ pathways are those that function both catabolically and anabolically.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Amphibolic
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__________ is the process through which endospores are formed within a vegetative cell.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sporulation
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________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Kupffer cells
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