Microbiology MCQ

1. Infection of the ________ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs.

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2. The baltimore scheme to classify viruses contains a total of ________ groups based on ________.

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3. Replication of most ________ viruses is similar to normal cellular processes.

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4. The differential stage of the gram stain is the application of _____.

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5. Plasmids typically carry ___ genes

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6. __________ are used for communication by the microbes in biofilms.

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7. An antimicrobial agent that ________ will have the most lasting germicidal effect.

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8. The ________ are the largest known group of archaea.

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9. A(n) ________ is a damage or injury to a host organism that impairs its function.

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10. The mouse model of obesity suggests that __________ is linked to increased body mass.

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11. ______________ mutations arise occasionally in all cells and in the absence of any added agent.

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12. Obligate ______ live at low ph extremes and sometimes maintain the low ph by releasing strong acid.

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13. Transcriptional regulators bind most frequently at the ________ site of dna.

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14. The ________ demonstrates the roles played by households and firms in the market system.

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15. Some viruses have a dsdna genome. others may have a ________ genome.

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16. Horseradish peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase are enzymes used in _____ tests.

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17. Heat is used to drive the stain into cells in the ________ staining procedure(s).

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18. Genomic _____ are collections of isolated genes maintained in a cloning host.

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19. A _____ is the presence of small numbers of bacteria in the blood.

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20. The rumen is an ________ habitat that depends on ________ to digest cellulose for ruminant animals.

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21. The reactivated form of chickenpox is called _________.

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22. The united states rebelled against a _____ government.

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23. Whenever the eyes, ears, tongue, skin, or mouth detect a stimulus, a(n) _____ has occurred.

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24. Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

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25. With external style sheets, the link statement is placed between the ____ tags.

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26. Two aspects of family closeness during adolescence are _____.

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27. The accelerated growth and advances in taxonomy as a science occurred during _____.

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28. Fruit is most important in facilitating _____.

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29. The aids virus becomes established in cells bearing the __________ receptor.

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30. __________ is the science that analyzes energy changes in a collection of matter.

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31. When our oil supply is depleted, a new material will need to be used to produce _________.

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32. Factors that enhance an organism's ability to adhere to host tissues include __________.

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33. Hydrogen peroxide does not make a good antiseptic for open wounds because __________.

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34. Aseptic hand washing includes ____

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35. The phenomenon of ________ facilitates the binding of phagocyte pseudopodia to pathogens.

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36. The ________ play a role in preventing neoplastic cells from progressing to cancer.

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37. Gonorrhea is often asymptomatic in women because __________.

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38. The ___________ subdivides the pelvis into the true pelvis and the false pelvis.

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39. Washing dishes in the dishwasher with detergent and hot water is a ________ process.

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40. Virulence factors that enhance invasiveness of a pathogen can include __________.

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41. Trace elements are found in bacterial cells in very small amounts because they __________.

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42. The vaccine against smallpox developed by edward jenner is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine.

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43. The penalty for failure to correct a prior osha violation is a ____.

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44. Normal microbiota helps to ________ colonization of pathogenic organisms.

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45. Microorganisms that infect the middle ear cavity most frequently come from the __________.

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46. Microbial cells first evolved on earth approximately ________ billion years ago.

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47. Media containing some ingredients of unknown chemical composition are called __________ media.

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48. Measles is described as a ______ skin lesion.

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49. Many cultured and characterized strains from the phylum crenarchaeota were isolated from _____ .

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50. Marsupials survived in australia (as opposed to asia) because ________.

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51. The phenolic ________ is present in many consumer products labeled "antibacterial."

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52. To solidify media used to grow microbes, usually __________ is added to the nutrient broth.

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53. Spherical bacteria that divide and remain attached in chainlike patterns are called __________.

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54. A _______ is a marine organism that swims throughout the water column.

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55. ________ is the single most important factor in predicting whether an individual votes.

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56. The ________ typically consists of five or six flattened membranous discs called cisternae.

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57. During __________, the phage remains latent.

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58. The antibiotic polymyxin b combines with phospholipids. this will cause __________.

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59. The _____ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration.

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60. Quorum sensing affects biofilm development through control of __________.

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61. A bacterium that lacks the mreb gene will have a ________ shape.

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62. A popular seedless vascular plant is _____. moss the juniper the fern the rose

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63. When cells are metabolically active but not dividing, they are in the ________ phase.

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64. Bergey's manual contains __________.

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65. Exotoxins can be denatured by iodine to form __________, which are useful in vaccines.

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66. The production of natural carbon dioxide by yeasts after a wine is bottled results in ________.

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67. With the exception of some sponges, all animals are _____.

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68. Bread products can be spoiled by the growth of bacillus species that produce _________.

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69. _____ heat is more rapidly effective and efficient compared to _____ heat.

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70. A chemical that is effective in preserving foods with a low ph such as bread is ________.

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71. Most biopolymers industrially produced by means of microorganisms are _________.

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72. The __________ clade includes 160 species, with most producing arbuscular mycorrhizae.

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73. The ________ method provides an estimate of the cfus (colony-forming units) in a sample

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74. The first penicillin-producing fungus that could be grown in stirred fermenters was _________.

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75. Pathogens can be given off and carried in the air when an infected individual __________.

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76. The presence of pathogens tends to _______ the evolution of sexual reproduction because _______.

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77. In miller's 1953 laboratory experiment, __________.

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78. If you cut a flatworm in half, both halves can grow into a new individual by _____.

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79. A branched network of hyphae formed by the actinomycetes is called a __________.

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80. Actinomycetes form long filaments called ___________.

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81. The first person to use heating processes to preserve foods was _________.

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82. Fecal-oral infections are usually a result of __________.

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83. A nutrient agar slant is used in microbiology to __________.

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84. Aflatoxin is a(n) ________ associated with ingestion of contaminated ________.

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85. The number of persons afflicted with an infectious disease is the _____ rate.

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86. Variations in the size and shape of cells within a single species of bacteria is known as ______.

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87. The microbes commonly known as ________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.

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88. The main functions of the bacterial cell wall include all of the following except __________.

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89. The function of nad+/nadh in the cell is best described as __________.

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90. The classification of algae is based largely on __________.

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91. The 'soap scum' on a shower curtain is an example of __________.

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92. The _____ of a virus is enclosed by a _____ capsid.

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93. During the gram stain, the application of alcohol results in the decolorization of ______ cells.

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94. Carbohydrates typically include ______

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95. Dermatophytes are fungi that can infect the __________ because they can grow on/in __________.

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96. By definition, parasites ________ their host.

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97. Antigenic variation occurs almost yearly with the influenza _________ virus.

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98. The _____ stain is used to stain and differentiate mycobacterium and nocardia from other bacteria.

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99. Proteins known as ________ function to refold partially denatured proteins.

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100. All _____ consist of a thiazolidine ring, a beta-lactam ring, and an r group.

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101. A viroid is a naked, infectious _____ molecule.

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102. A microorganism that has been used in the production of sour mash whiskey is _________.

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103. __________ activate repressor proteins thereby decreasing the synthesis of certain enzymes.

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104. The term radappertization is used to describe food preservation by _________.

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105. Icosahedral viruses are constructed from ring- or knob-shaped units called __________.

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106. The trophic level of ""producers"" includes ________.

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107. The _____ of the microscope holds and allows selection of the objective lenses.

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108. Rabies is an example of a zoonosis that is hard to control because __________.

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109. Phagocytic cells associated with the epidermis are called __________.

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110. Methanogens, extreme halophiles, and extreme thermophiles are examples of _____.

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111. A(n) ________ organism require(s) oxygen for growth.

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112. You observe a microbial colony on glycerol yeast agar. this microbe is likely to be __________

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113. Nitrogen is a growth-limiting nutrient because cells need it to manufacture __________.

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114. Metabolic activity is at maximum level in the ________ phase of growth.

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115. Instead of oxygen, __________ may utilize nitrate or sulfate as their final electron acceptors.

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116. Because lps is bound to the surface of bacteria, it is called a(n) __________.

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117. Bacterial cells are prokaryotic; unlike a typical eukaryotic cell, they _____.

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118. Bacterial binary fission results in ________ growth.

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119. Bacterial ________ are sites of metabolite storage.

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120. A pathogen must __________ in order for it to cause disease.

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121. _______ is a peptidoglycan-like molecule found in the cell walls of some archaea.

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122. A series of enzymatic steps that fixes carbon dioxide into carbohydrate is called the ______.

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123. The purine___ always binds with the pyrimidine__ in dna and rna.

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124. Media in which all components and their concentration are known are called __________ media.

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125. Initial attachment of microorganisms often involves ______.

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126. Increasing genetic variability by the uptake of dna from the environment is __________.

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127. In the lysogenic cycle, new viral particles are _____.

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128. In the lac operon, the inducer is __________.

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129. In lateral gene transfer, genes are ______.

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130. During protein synthesis, ____ rna is made as a copy of a gene from dna.

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131. Fermentation often produces co2, which can be used by ________ as an electron acceptor for energy.

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132. Attenuation involves the termination of ______ synthesis

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133. Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as ________ infections.

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134. Artificially stimulating antibodies to a disease is called _____.

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135. An organism that cannot synthesize methionine is an example of __________.

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136. An __________ pathogen can cause disease in a host with impaired resistance.

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137. A medium containing known substances in precise amounts is known as a ________ media.

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138. A color change will occur during an elisa when a substrate reacts with _____.

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139. A chemical that denatures proteins is most likely to be classified as a(n) ________ agent.

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140. ________ reactions build new organic molecules from smaller inorganic and organic compounds.

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141. The __________ is the electron acceptor in a redox reaction.

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142. All of the following methods are used for food preservation except __________.

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143. The _____________ lactose is often used as a substrate for penicillin production.

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144. Pathogens produce virulence factors primarily to ______.

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145. Vectors that some protozoa use to transfer disease are _____.

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146. Viruses _____.

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147. When using an inoculating loop to take a sample of bacteria from a petri dish, you should ________.

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148. Vaccination triggers an immune response which produces ________ immunity.

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149. Treatment of gas gangrene may involve _________.

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150. Translation begins when a __________ molecule binds to a __________.

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151. This variable region gives an antibody ______ for an _______.

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152. The two most important alcohol germicides are __________ and __________.

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153. The translation process in eukaryotes requires all of the following: _____.

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154. The proton motive force (pmf) is driven by __________.

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155. The prokaryotes that cause tooth decay have a ________ relationship with humans.

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156. The presence or absence of _____ differentiates prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells.

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157. The peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria is most analogous to _____.

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158. The pathogenic prokaryotes that cause cholera are _____.

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159. The most widely accepted current model for membrane structures is called the __________ model.

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160. The most common method used by clinical microbiology labs for identifying bacteria are _________.

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161. The cell walls of __________ contain tetrapeptides.

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162. The archaea are similar to bacteria in all of the following aspects except __________.

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163. Taxonomy consists of all of the following activities except __________.

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164. Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ______.

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165. Proteins that are loosely associated with the cytoplasmic membrane are called __________ proteins.

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166. Proofreading of newly-synthesized dna is important because __________.

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167. Operons are a standard method for gene regulation in _____.

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168. On first exposure to antigen, t helper cells __________.

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169. Newly inoculated cultures must be _____ at a specific temperature and time to encourage growth.

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170. Mucus and sweat contain ________ which damage and kill bacteria.

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171. Koch's work involving anthrax was significant because it was the first time __________.

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172. Human normal microbiota begin to develop __________.

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173. Fungal infections are known as ________ and can be acquired from environmental or clinical sources.

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174. Both transcription and dna replication involve __________.

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175. All of these statements are characteristic of vzv infections except __________.

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176. All of these parts of the digestive system are almost free of microbes except __________.

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177. A(n) ________ gene is a gene that encodes a protein that is easy to detect and assay.

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178. In a bacterial cell undergoing binary fission and balanced growth, __________.

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179. An antimicrobial chemical used on the skin is usually called a(n) __________.

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180. An antibiotic that increased the activity of ________ would likely result in cell death.

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181. Contamination with ________ is a concern because they are highly resistant to killing.

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182. _________ are the precursors to macrophages.

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183. Double fertilization produces a ___________ embryo and a _________ endosperm.

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184. When shellfish ingest dinoflagellates, __________.

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185. The photoautotrophic prokaryotes that generate oxygen as a by-product are the _____.

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186. The ability of microbes to utilize n2 as a nitrogen source is called __________.

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187. Slime molds are not classified as fungi, in part because they __________..

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188. Single-celled prokaryotes had the earth to themselves for approximately __________..

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189. A cladogram begins with a common _____________ of all the organisms represented above.

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190. A chemoheterotroph obtains its energy from __________ and its carbon from __________ sources.

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191. Zygomycota produce _____, which germinate into new hyphae.

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192. Varieties of staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin _____.

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193. The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in salt ponds are the _____.

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194. The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____.

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195. A charged trna first enters the ribosomal ________ site and then moves into the ________ site.

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196. Acidic dyes are commonly used for ________ stains.

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197. The generation time of bacterial cells is shortest during the ________ phase.

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198. The generation time of escherichia coli in the human intestine is ________ in laboratory culture.

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199. The e. coli lac operon has ________ operator sequences.

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200. Media used to test carbohydrate utilization of bacteria often contain ph indicators ____________.

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201. The body's ability to resist pathogens and disease is called ____.

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202. Most enveloped viruses use the host __________ membrane as their envelope source.

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203. A mrna codon is complementary to the dna ________.

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204. A colony-forming unit is a __________.

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205. _____ manual of systematic bacteriology is a manual of bacterial descriptions and classifications.

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206. During the gram stain, _____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied.

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207. The yeast candida albicans does not normally cause disease because of ______.

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208. Two major structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ___ and ___.

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209. Which of the following statements about quorum sensing is false? quorum sensing _____.

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210. You can probably find algae _____.

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211. Under a microscope, gram-negative bacteria (when dyed with the gram stain) appear _____.

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212. Unlike sulfolobus, some archaea use ___________ protein(s) to accomplish cytokinesis.

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213. The toxic component of lipopolysaccharide is called _________.

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214. Translation directly involves _____

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215. Plasma cells ________.

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216. The synthesis of β-galactosidase is regulated by __________.

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217. The site on the dna to which a repressor protein binds is the __________.

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218. The release factor (rf) _____.

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219. The main advantage of a spread plate over a streak plate is that the spread plate __________.

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220. Terrestrial biomes are defined in a large part by ________.

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221. Sulfanilamides interfere with __________.

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222. Some ________ use group translocation as a means of transport.

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223. Prokaryotic operons typically include a(n) ________ and a(n) ________ with multiple genes.

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224. Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm.

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225. One difference between algae and plants is that _____.

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226. One chain of alternating nags and nams is connected to another chain via _____.

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227. Microbiologists study parasitic worms because __________.

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228. Methanogens are an example of a/an __________.

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229. Methanogenesis, not methylotrophy, is the __________.

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230. Diatoms have cell walls composed of _____.

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231. Chlamydia is the most prevalent _______________ std.