A researcher discovers that the students she is observing have been getting better grades in their classes. The teacher informs her that their grades began to improve the first week the researcher was present. This could be an example of ______.
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Correct Answer:
Hawthorne effect
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Your control group figures out they have been receiving a placebo and begin to answer questions without any detail or enthusiasm, and begin to drop out of the study. This process creates a problem in the comparability of your control and experimental known as ______.
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Correct Answer:
Demoralization
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Researcher L was studying preparedness for natural disasters in a field experiment when a particularly destructive hurricane hits a neighboring state. What problem is likely to occur when establishing internal validity in L’s research?
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Correct Answer:
History effect
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In an experiment, measurement of the dependent variable after the experimental treatment is known as ______.
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Posttest
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In experimental and quasi-experimental designs, the independent variable is measured by using the ______.
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Correct Answer:
Experimental treatment
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In an experiment, if a group receives no treatment instead of a different treatment, it is known as ______.
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Correct Answer:
A control group
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Matching is when a researcher matches up individuals in a treatment group with those in a comparison group based on characteristics such as gender, race, and age.
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Correct Answer:
True
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A Solomon Four Group design is best employed if a researcher suspects that the pretest will change how subjects respond to the experimental treatment.
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True
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External events are a major threat to validity in evaluation studies that compare programs in different cities and states.
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True
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In an experiment, a random distribution of benefits is ethical only if researchers are unsure of the effects of a treatment.
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Correct Answer:
False
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In a before and after design, the pretest measure serves as a control.
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True
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A true experiment in which subjects are assigned randomly to an experimental group that receives a treatment or other manipulation of the independent variable and a comparison group that does not receive the treatment or receives some other manipulation; outcomes are measured in a posttest.
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True
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A quasi-experimental design consisting of many pretest and posttest observations of the same group over an extended period is cal;led Time series design
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Correct Answer:
True
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A type of experimental design that combines a randomized pretest–posttest control group design with a randomized posttest-only design, resulting in two experimental groups and _____ comparison groups is called Solomon four-group design
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Two
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An ________ issue about how much researchers can influence the benefits subjects receive as part of the treatment being studied in a field experiment is called Selective distribution of benefits.
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Ethical
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A source of internal (causal) invalidity that occurs when characteristics of experimental and comparison group subjects differ in any way that influences the outcome is called
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Selection bias
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A quasi-experimental design consisting of several pretest and posttest observations of the ______ group is called Repeated measures panel design
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Correct Answer:
Same
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A source of causal invalidity that occurs when subjects who are chosen for a study because of their extreme scores on the dependent variable become less extreme on the posttest because of natural cyclical or episodic change in the variable is called the ________ effect.
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Correct Answer:
Regression
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Regression–discontinuity design describes A quasi experimental design in which individuals are assigned to a treatment and a comparison group solely on the basis of a cutoff score on some assignment variable, and then treatment effects are identified by a discontinuity in the regression line.
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Correct Answer:
True
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A True experimental design in which subjects are assigned randomly to two groups—one group then receives the experimental intervention and both groups receive a posttest; there is no pretest is called
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The Classic true experimental design in which subjects are assigned randomly to two groups; both these groups receive a pretest, then one group receives the experimental intervention, and then both groups receive a posttest. Also known as a pretest–Posttest control group design is called
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A research design in which there is a comparison group that is comparable to the experimental group in critical ways, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the comparison and experimental groups is called
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Quasi-experimental design
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In experimental research, the measurement of an outcome (dependent) variable before an experimental intervention or change in a presumed independent variable for some other reason is called
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Pretest
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In experimental research, the measurement of an outcome (dependent) variable after an experimental intervention or after a presumed independent variable has changed for some other reason is called
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Correct Answer:
Posttest
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_______ effect describes A source of treatment misidentification that can occur when subjects receive a fake “treatment” they think is beneficial and improve because of that expectation even though they did not receive the actual treatment or received a treatment that had no real effect.
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Placebo
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A quasi experimental design in which experimental and comparison groups are designated before the treatment occurs but are not created by random assignment is called Nonequivalent control group design
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Correct Answer:
True
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A Type of quasi-experimental design in which several before-and-after comparisons are made involving the same independent and dependent _______ but different groups is called Multiple group before-and-after design
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Correct Answer:
Variables
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A procedure for equating the characteristics of individuals in different comparison groups in an experiment. ________can be done on either an individual or an aggregate basis.
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Matching
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When analysis of the effect of a treatment on outcomes in an experimental design compares outcomes for all those who were assigned to the treatment group with outcomes for all those who were assigned to the control group, whether or not participants remained in the treatment group is called Intent-to-treat analysis.
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True
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_________ _ effect explains a A source of causal invalidity that occurs when events external to the study influence posttest scores; also called an effect of external events.
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Correct Answer:
History
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The Hawthorne effect explains a type of contamination in research designs that occurs when members of the treatment group change relative to the dependent variable because their participation in the study makes them feel special.
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Correct Answer:
True
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A study using an experimental design that is conducted in a real-world setting is called ______ experiment.
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Correct Answer:
Field
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A survey in which randomly selected subsets of respondents are asked different questions, or are asked to respond to different vignettes, to determine the causal effect of the variables represented by these differences is called __________ Survey.
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Correct Answer:
Factorial
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In an experiment, the group of subjects that receives the treatment or experimental manipulation is called
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Experimental Group
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Expectancies of experimental staff describes A source of treatment misidentification in experiments and quasi-experiments that occurs when change among experimental subjects results from the positive expectancies of the staff who are delivering the treatment rather than from the treatment itself; also called a self-fulfilling prophecy.
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Correct Answer:
True
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Ex post facto control group design describes a ___________ design in which comparison groups are selected after the treatment, program, or other variation in the independent variable has occurred, but when the participants were able to choose the group in which they participated. Often confused with a quasi-experimental design.
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Non-Experimental
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An _________ _ method in which neither the subjects nor the staff delivering experimental treatments know which subjects are getting the treatment and which are receiving a placebo is called Double-blind procedure.
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Correct Answer:
Experimental
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A problem that occurs in experiments when comparison groups become different because subjects are more likely to drop out of one of the groups for various reasons is called ________ attrition.
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Correct Answer:
Differential
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A type of _____________in experimental and quasi-experimental designs that occurs when control group members feel they have been left out of some valuable treatment and perform worse as a result is called demoralization
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Correct Answer:
Contamination
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A comparison group that receives no treatment is called _______ group.
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Correct Answer:
Control
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A source of causal invalidity that occurs when either the experimental or the comparison group is aware of the other group and is influenced in the posttest as a result is called
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Correct Answer:
Contamination
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A Type of contamination in experimental and quasi-experimental designs that occurs when control group members are aware that they are being denied some advantages and increase their efforts by way of compensation is called compensatory rivalry.
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Correct Answer:
True
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In an experiment, a group that has been exposed to a different treatment (or value of the independent variable) than the experimental group is called __________ group.
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Correct Answer:
Comparison
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Before-and-after design describes a quasi-experimental design consisting of several before-after comparisons involving the same variables but no comparison group.
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Correct Answer:
True
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The variable used to specify a cutoff score for eligibility for some treatment in a regression–discontinuity design is called
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Correct Answer:
Experiments
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