1. A national poll on the attitudes toward the right to abortion taken during the presidential election of 2004 and then again in 2008 is an example of ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A longitudinal research design
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2. If we want to determine if a sample has changed over time, which research design should we use?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Panel
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3. Researcher J finds that neighborhoods with higher proportions of poor households have higher crime rates. J concludes that poor people are more likely to commit crimes. What methodological error has J committed?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reductionist fallacy
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4. Researcher C conducted a survey of 100 students to find out if they intended to vote in the next election. The individual students in the study are ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The unit of analysis
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5. Reductionism occurs when ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Individual-level data are used to draw conclusions about groups
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6. When members of a panel grow weary of repeated interviews and start to give stock answers instead of accurate answers, which of the following has occurred?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Subject fatigue
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7. The goal of a repeated cross-sectional design is to ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Determine whether a population has changed over time
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8. Research that collects data at a single point in time is called?
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Correct Answer:
Cross-sectional
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9. A reductionist fallacy is an error in reasoning in which incorrect conclusions about individual-level process are drawn from group-level data.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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10. Idiographic causal explanations generally emphasize time order and causal mechanism.
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Correct Answer:
True
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11. A spurious relationship is one in which the association between two variables can be explained through intervening variables.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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12. In a panel study, data are collected from different samples drawn from the same population at more than one point in time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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13. Longitudinal research collects data at one point in time.
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Correct Answer:
False
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14. The cases about which measures actually are obtained in a ________ are called units of observation
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sample
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15. The level of ______ life on which a research question is focused, such as individuals, groups, towns, or nations is called units of analysis.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social
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16. A_______ order describes the criterion for establishing a causal relation between two variables; the variation in the presumed cause (the independent variable) must occur before the variation in the presumed effect (the dependent variable).
Answer
Correct Answer:
Time
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17. Problems caused by panel members growing weary of repeated interviews and dropping out of a study or becoming so used to answering the standard questions in the survey that they start giving stock or thoughtless answers is called subject fatigue
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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18. A method in which one variable is held constant so that the relationship between two (or more) other variables can be assessed without the influence of variation in the control variable is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Statistical control
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19. A relationship between two variables that is caused by variation in a ________ variable is called Spurious relationship
Answer
Correct Answer:
Third
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20. A type of longitudinal study in which data are collected at two or more points in time from different samples of the same population is called Repeated cross-sectional design
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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21. Reductionist fallacy explains an _______ in reasoning that occurs when incorrect conclusions about group-level processes are based on individual-level data; also known as an individualist fallacy.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Error
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22. The random assignment of cases, as by the toss of a coin is called
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Correct Answer:
Randomization
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23. A procedure by which each experimental subject is placed in a group randomly is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Random Assignment
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24. A criterion for establishing a causal relation between two variables; when a relationship between two variables is not caused by variation in a ______variable is called Nonspuriousness.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Third
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25. An explanation that identifies common influences on a number of cases or events is called Nomothetic ______ explanation.
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Correct Answer:
Casual
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26. A variable that identifies a context for the e5ffect of other variables is called
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Correct Answer:
Moderator
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27. A variable involved in a causal mechanism (intervening variable) is called
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Correct Answer:
Mediator
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28. A discernible process that creates a causal connection between two variables is called
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Correct Answer:
Mechanism
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29. A study in which data are collected that can be ordered in time; also defined as research in which data are collected at ____________ points in time is called Longitudinal research design
Answer
Correct Answer:
Two or more
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30. Idiographic casual explanation that identifies the concrete, individual sequence of events, thoughts, or actions that resulted in a particular outcome for a particular individual or that led to a particular event; may be termed an individualist or historicist explanation.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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31. Fixed-sample panel design describes a type of ________ study in which data are collected from the same individuals—the panel— at two or more points in time. In another type of panel design, panel members who leave are replaced with new members.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Longitudinal
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32. ________ variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables, creating a spurious association between them that disappears when the extraneous variable is controlled.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Extraneous
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33. A type of _________ study in which data are collected at two or more points in time from individuals in a cohort is called Event-based design.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Longitudinal
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34. The appearance of phenomena at a group level that cannot be explained by the properties of individuals within the group; emergence implies phenomena that are more than “the sum of their parts is called emergence.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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35. An ______ in reasoning in which incorrect conclusions about individual level processes are drawn from group-level data is called ecological fallacy.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Error
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36. A study in which data are collected at only ____ point in time is called Cross-sectional research design
Answer
Correct Answer:
One
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37. Counterfactual describes the situation that would have occurred if the subjects who were exposed to the treatment were not exposed but otherwise had had identical experiences to those they underwent during the experiment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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38. ________ effect describes a variation in relationships of dependent with independent variables between geographic units or other social settings.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Contextual
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39. A set of interrelated circumstances that alters a relationship between other variables or social processes is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Context
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40. Individuals or groups with a common starting point. Examples include college class of 1997, people who graduated from high school in the 1980s, General Motors employees who started work between the years 1990 and 2000, and people who were born in the late 1940s or the 1950s is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cohort
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41. Ceteris paribus is a _____ phrase meaning “other things being equal.”
Answer
Correct Answer:
Latin
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42. When variation in one phenomenon, an independent variable, leads to or results, on average, in variation in another phenomenon, the dependent variable is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Casual Effect
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43. When a series of concrete events, thoughts, or actions results in a particular event or individual outcome is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Casual Effect
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44. A criterion for establishing a nomothetic causal relationship between two variables: Variation in one variable is related to variation in another ______ is called Association.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Variable
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Social World (Problems And Solutions) MCQs | Topic-wise
