At the ordinal level of measurement, which of the following is NOT possible?
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Addition and subtraction
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When should a researcher use open-ended questions?
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When the range of responses cannot be anticipated.
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A mental image that summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas is known as a/an ______.
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Concept
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Attitudes toward antisocial behavior likely represent what level of measurement?
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Ordinal
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An individual’s state of birth represents what level of measurement?
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Nominal
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Which statistic is used to measure interim reliability?
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Cronbach’s alpha
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A researcher is observing behavior among students of an all-girl private school. In this instance, gender is a fixed value or a ______.
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Constant
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A variable’s values or attributes are considered exhaustive when ______.
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Every case can be classified into one of the categories
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The two types of criterion validity are ______.
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Concurrent and predictive validity
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The lowest level of quantitative measurement is ______.
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Nominal
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Which of the following has an interval level of measurement?
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Temperature Fahrenheit
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The type of validity that exists when the full range of a concept’s meaning is covered by the measure is known as criterion validity.
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False
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Triangulation requires using at least three methods.
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False
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Unobtrusive measures can be created from diverse forms of media such as newspaper archives or magazine articles.
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True
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Decisions about how to define a concept reflect the theoretical framework that guides the researchers.
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True
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Photographs can never be used as a reliable source of information when investigating the social world.
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False
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Questions are very rarely used in experiments and qualitative research.
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False
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In deductive analysis, conceptualization precedes operationalization.
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False
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Indexes are often scored as interval levels of measurement.
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True
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Closed-ended questions are appropriate when the range of responses cannot be anticipated because the questions have never been used or because the questions are being asked of new groups.
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False
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Operationalization is the process by which we specify what is meant by a term.
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False
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Unobtrusive measure describes a measurement based on physical traces or other data that are collected without the knowledge or participation of the individuals or groups that generated the data.
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True
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When a fixed choice survey question has a different number of positive and negative response choices is called _____________ responses choices
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Unbalanced
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______________ is a measurement showing that measures of a phenomenon at two points in time are highly correlated, if the phenomenon has not changed or has changed only as much as the measures have changed
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Test–Retest reliability
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_____________ errors that result from factors that are not what an instrument is intended to measure and that affect individuals or other cases in ways that are likely to recur in just the same way, thus creating measurement bias.
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Systematic
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Reliability is achieved when responses to the same questions by two randomly selected halves of a sample are about the same is called
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Split-half reliability
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_________ measures describes the Statistics that summarize the consistency among a set of measures; Cronbach’s alpha is the most common measure of the reliability of a set of items included in an index.
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Reliability
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When a measurement procedure yields consistent scores when the phenomenon being measured is not changing is called
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Reliability
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Ratio level of measurement of a variable in which the numbers indicating a variable’s values represent fixed measuring units and an absolute ______ point.
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Zero
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The type of validity that exists when a measure predicts scores on a criterion measured in the future is called
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Predictive Validity
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The Ordinal level of measurement explains a variable in which the numbers indicating a variable’s values specify only the order of the cases, permitting greater than and less than distinctions.
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True
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The process of specifying the measures that will indicate the value of cases on a _________ is called operationalization.
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Variables
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A survey question to which the respondent replies in his or her own words, either by writing or by ________ is called an open ended question.
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Talking
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Nominal level of measurement describes the Variables whose values have no mathematical interpretation; they vary in kind or quality, but not in amount.
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True
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A question’s response choices are mutually exclusive when every case can be classified as having only one attribute (or value) is called
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Mutually exclusive
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_______ is the process of linking abstract concepts to empirical indicants.
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Measurement
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Level of measurement describes The mathematical precision with which the values of a variable can be expressed. The nominal level of measurement, which is _________, has no mathematical interpretation; the quantitative levels of measurement— ordinal, interval, and ratio.
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Qualitative
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Consistency of ratings by an observer of an unchanging Phenomenon at two or more points in time is called ________reliability
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Intrarater
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Interval–ratio level of measurement explains a variable in which the numbers indicating a variable’s values represent fixed measurement units but may not have an absolute, or fixed, zero point.
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True
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A interval level of measurement is a variable in which the numbers indicating a variable’s values represent fixed measurement units but have no absolute, or fixed, zero point
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True
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When similar measurements are obtained by different observers rating the same persons, events, or places is called
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Interobserver Reliability
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An approach that calculates reliability based on the correlation among multiple items used to measure a single concept; also known as internal consistency is called
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Interitem Reliability
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When the same codes are entered by different coders who are recording the same data is called
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Intercoder Reliability
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The question or other operation used to indicate the value of cases on a variable is called
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Indicator
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The sum or average of responses to a set of questions about a concept is called
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Index
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Errors that affect individuals or other cases in unique ways that are unlikely to be repeated in just the Same way is called Idiosyncratic errors
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Correct Answer:
True
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The type of validity that exists when an inspection of items used to measure a concept suggests that they are appropriate “on their face.” is called ______ validity
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Face
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A question’s response choices are exhaustive when they cover all possible responses is called
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Exhaustive
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___________ validity is achieved if the measure to be validated is related most strongly to its comparison measure and less so to the measures of other concepts.
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Discriminant
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A measure that classifies cases in distinct categories is called _______ measure
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Discrete
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Dichotomy describes the _________ having only two values.
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Variables
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Cronbach’s alpha explains the statistic commonly used to measure inter item reliability.
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True
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The type of validity that is established by comparing the scores obtained on the measure being validated with those obtained with a more direct or already validated measure of the same phenomenon (the criterion) is called
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Correct Answer:
Criterion Validity
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An approach to construct validation; the type of validity achieved when one measure of a concept is associated with different types of measures of the same concept is called
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Convergent Validity
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A measure with numbers indicating the values of variables as points on a continuum is called ________ measure
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Continuous
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The type of validity that exists when the full range of a concept’s meaning is covered by the measure is called
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Content Validity
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The type of validity that is established by showing that a measure is related to other measures as specified in a theory is called
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Correct Answer:
Construct Validity
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A number that has a fixed value in a given situation; a characteristic or value that does not change is called
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Constant
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__________ validity that exists when scores on a measure are closely related to scores on a criterion measured at the same time.
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Correct Answer:
Concurrent
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_____________ is the process of specifying what we mean by a term. In deductive research, conceptualization helps translate portions of an abstract theory into specific variables that can be used in testable hypotheses.
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Correct Answer:
Conceptualization
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________ is a mental image that summarizes a set of similar observations, feelings, or ideas.
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Concept
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A survey question that provides preformatted response choices for the respondent to circle or check is called a _________ -ended question.
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Closed
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When a fixed choice survey question has an equal number of responses to express positive and negative choices in comparable language is called
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Balanced response choices
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Alternate-forms reliability describe a procedure for testing the reliability of responses to survey questions in which subjects’ answers are compared after the subjects have been asked slightly different versions of the questions
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Correct Answer:
True
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