Research Methods (Statistics And Applications) MCQ Questions Answers

1. The straight line that best fits a correla-tion and consists of each X value in the relationship and its predicted Y value is line of best fit

2. One sample t test is an inferential statistic that compares a sample mean to a known population mean.

3. Region of acceptance is area of sampling distribution generally defined by the mean +/–2 SD or 95% of the distribution; results falling in this region imply that our sample belongs to the sampling distribution defined by the H0 and result in the researcher retaining the H0.

4. Which of the following is not an example of a source of archival research?

5. Someone who appears to be a participant but is actually working with the researcher is known as a(n) ______.

6. ______ generally have stronger internal validity than ______.

7. Paired-samples t tests and independent-samples t tests are both ______.

8. A researcher wants to examine how beliefs in climate change have changed over time. The researcher should design a(n) ______ study.

9. A one-way between-samples ANOVA and a one-way within-samples ANOVA are both ______.

10. A researcher wants to know if those who live in urban areas are more likely to believe in climate change. The researcher should design a(n) ______ study.

11. A researcher wants to determine what type of educational materials might increase participants’ belief in climate change. If the researcher can randomly assign participants to groups, a(n) ______ study is the best choice of studies.

12. ______ generally have stronger external validity than ______.

13. ANOVAs and t tests are all ______.

14. A repeated-measures design is a better choice than a matched-groups design when ______.

15. An independent-groups design is a better choice than a dependent-groups design when ______.

16. A stable baseline is one that ______.

17. A researcher collects in-depth information about a single person using interviews and observations. This type of research design is called a ______.

18. ______ is a quantitative design used to examine a cause and effect within a single case, and a series of these designs is called a ______.

19. Single N designs use ______ in order to rule out alternative explanations for causality.

20. A researcher collects in-depth information from the managers of a company in order to better understand the company as a whole. This type of research design is called a(n) ______.

21. In a single N design, A = ______ and B = ______.

22. A multiple-baseline across behaviors design requires ______.

23. Those who use ______ believe that it is possible to use single cases to develop a theory.

24. Which of the following statements about sample-based studies is false?

25. Which of the following is not true of single N designs?

26. If Jon wants to compare whether there is a difference in the number of people over and under 30 years of age who report using texting as their primary mode of communication, the appropriate test would be ______.

27. The statistical test used to analyze nominal data from a study using two dependent groups is the ______.

28. The observed frequency is the ______.

29. A track coach wants to know whether her cross-country runners’ order for finishing on the home course is consistent with their order at other courses. She correlates 15 runners’ ranks for a home meet with their ranks for the next away meet. The appropriate statistic for this correlation is a ______.

30. The chi-square test for independence is appropriate when we have ______.

31. Nonparametric tests used to analyze ordinal data include ______.

32. Assumptions of parametric statistics include ______.

33. The matrix which represents the frequencies of the combined levels of the categories for a chi-square test of independence is called a ______.

34. If Pat hypothesizes that three times as many African American as Caucasian males are imprisoned, she would compute a ______.

35. Nonparametric test statistics are used when we have ______.

36. A researcher conducts a repeated-measures experiment examining the effect of teacher feedback on exam scores. If she wants to also test whether gender of the teacher moderated this effect, what type of analysis should she use?

37. A researcher conducts an experiment examining the effect of caffeine on memory. If she wants to examine participant age as a potential moderating factor, she would have a(n) ______ factorial design.

38. To graph a hypothesized interaction for a 2 × 2 factorial, the graph must have at least two lines that ______.

39. A 2 × 3 × 2 factorial has how many cells?

40. A researcher conducts a factorial design with the following factors: exercise level (no exercise, moderate exercise, intense exercise), exercise type (aerobics, stationary bike), and exercise time (20 min, 40 min). What type of factorial design is this?

41. A researcher hypothesizes that children will develop a stronger sense of self-esteem when their families have regular dinners together and that this is especially true for children with learning disabilities. The best analysis to test this hypothesis is ______.

42. An experimental factorial design must include ______.

43. A researcher hypothesizes that learning a language, especially German, will improve scores on a math exam. What type of hypothesis is this?

44. A 2 (participant religion) × 4 (participant ethnicity) design is ______.

45. A researcher hypothesizes that participation in extracurricular activities will be associated with better social skills. What type of hypothesis is this?

46. You use a repeated-measures design to study the effect of different coaching strategies on the number of basketball free throws participants make. You find that the more attempts the participants make, the better they get, which is an example of ______.

47. What differentiates a dependent-groups design from an independent-groups design?

48. The standard error of the mean difference is ______.

49. When analyzing a dependent design with three or more groups, which is the appropriate analysis?

50. Which of the following is not an assumption of the dependent-samples t test?

51. Of the following what would be the most appropriate matching variable for a study on the effect of encouragement on math test performance?

52. If you wanted to do a repeated-measures design looking at the effect of watching different types of movies (comedies and dramas) on mood, how many types of movies would each participant view?

53. Bill randomly assigns each participant in his study to one of the possible sequences of conditions without concern about order or sequence. He’s using ______.

54. The numerator of the variance created by adding the squared differences in the scores of individual participants across different conditions in a dependent design is known as ______.

55. If the assumption of sphericity is violated, you should use ______ to test your hypothesis.

56. Quasi-experiments differ from experiments because they ______.

57. If tobt = –1.98 and tcrit = 2.16 for p < .05, there is a probability of a ______.

58. In order to compute the standard error of the differences between means (SDX–X), we first compute ______.

59. The value of F will ______.

60. Ben is researching the effect of sleep deprivation on test scores. He finds a significant effect and computes the effect size of rpb2 = .15. This can be interpreted as meaning ______.

61. Steps we can take to maximize the internal validity of a simple experiment include ______.

62. When a one-way ANOVA is significant, you must then determine how each group differs from every other group by computing ______.

63. One advantage of conducting a multiple independent-groups design over multiple simple experiments is ______.

64. Between-groups variance is comprised of ______.

65. If tobt = –3.98 and tcrit = 2.16 for p < .01, we would ______.

66. Experiments focus primarily on maximizing ______.

67. A researcher conducts an experiment to examine the effect of television advertisements on consumer behavior. Consumer behavior is the ______.

68. Which of the following is not a requirement for an experiment?

69. Threats to internal validity are ______ in order to demonstrate a cause–effect relationship.

70. The threat to internal validity in which an event is the confounding variable is called ______.

71. The threat to internal validity due to participants developing at different rates is called ______.

72. Researcher wants to use simple random assignment in an experiment with two groups. Which of the following procedures might he use?

73. Which of the following is not one of the criteria of causality?

74. A researcher conducts an experiment to examine the effect of television advertisements on consumer behavior. The advertisement is the ______.

75. The phenomenon in which a researcher unintentionally treats the groups differently so that results support the hypothesis is called ______.

76. After the first quiz to assess student knowledge of the reading material, a professor reports that student scores ranged from 0 to 2 on the 10-point quiz. If the students really read the material, what could explain the scores?

77. By substituting an X value in the regression equation, we compute the ______.

78. Correlational studies are used ______.

79. The scatterplot above depicts a ______.

80. The standard error of the estimate represents the ______.

81. The regression equation is the formula ______.

82. You are studying the relationship between pet ownership (yes–no) and life satisfaction. You should compute a ______.

83. The statistic used to assess relationships between two interval/ratio variables is a ______.

84. When two variables move in the same direction together (both increase or both decrease), they will be ______.

85. After the first test, your professor found a correlation of r = –.23 between students’ self-reported anxiety and test scores. This means that ______.

86. A statistical test used to calculate the effect size for a one-sample t test is ______.

87. Assumptions of the one-sample t test include all except ______.

88. The 95% confidence interval tells the researcher ______.

89. In a study comparing the anxiety scores of college athletes to the average for college students, you find h2 = .20. You interpret this to mean ______.

90. A study compares the average salary for a sample of assistant professors at a small private college with the national average for assistant professors and finds t(30) = –5.16, p = .006, d = .32. The probability of a Type I error is ______.

91. The one-sample t test is computed by ______.

92. Suppose you compare the average time spent on household chores and childcare by a sample of single moms with preschoolers to the national average for all women with children. You find t(25) = 2.80, p = .01. What can you conclude?

93. If a one-sample t test is significant, what information do you need to interpret whether a sample score is significantly higher or lower than an expected score or average?

94. If the obtained t value is ______ than the critical t value, you ______ the null hypothesis.

95. A study compares the average salary for a sample of assistant professors at a small private college with the national average for assistant professors and finds t(30) = –5.16, p = .006, d = .32. You can interpret this to mean ______.

96. Cohen’s d is often used when examining ______ because it is in standard deviation units.

97. When we find statistical significance it suggests that our results were ______.

98. The sampling distribution is defined by the ______.

99. ______ and ______ are effect sizes.

100. The effect size is a measure of the ______.