1. _____ is rationalizations (excuses) used by juveniles to explain away responsibility for their actions.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Techniques of neutralization
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2. Is subterranean values underground values that exist alongside conventional values?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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3. _____ is known as theories that view the type of crime as due to various forms of delinquent subcultures.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Subcultural theories
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4. _____ is defined as theories that indicate that certain forces have an influence but do not determine behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Soft determinism
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5. _____ is shaw and McKay’s theory that crime is due to social disorganization and social breakdown of an area.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social disorganization theory
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6. Is social control theories view crime as taking place when social control or bonds to society break down?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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7. _____ is known as people become criminal when their stakes in society are broken.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social bond theory
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8. _____ is defined as in egalitarian households, both boys and girls have more similar delinquency levels.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Power-control theory
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9. _____ is according to the Chicago school, these are subcommunities that emerge to serve specific, specialized functions.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Natural areas
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10. Is modes of personality adaptation part of Merton’s theory of anomie that results in personality adaptations: conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, and rebel?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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11. _____ is known as cohen’s theory that delinquency involves a lower-class reaction to unachievable middle-class values.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Lower-class reaction theory
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12. _____ is defined as cooley’s theory of personality as a perceived perception of the reaction of others.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Looking-glass self
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13. _____ is the study of the interrelationship between human organisms and the physical environment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Human ecology
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14. Is focal concerns miller’s theory of crime that reflects an overemphasis on lower-class values?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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15. _____ is known as a problem in which group rates are used in order to describe individual behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Ecological fallacy
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16. _____ is defined as cloward and Ohlin’s theory that crime takes place due to a lack of legitimate opportunity and is also due to the availability of illegitimate opportunities.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Differential opportunity theory
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17. _____ is sutherland’s theory that crime is learned due to exposure to an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Differential association theory
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18. Is developmental and life course (DLC) theories espouse the belief that criminal activity changes over an individual’s lifetime from onset to persistence to desistance?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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19. _____ is known as in life course criminality theory, the quitting or cessation of criminal activity.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Desistance
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20. _____ is defined as matza’s theory that delinquents exist in a limbo wherein they drift back and forth between delinquency and conventionality.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Delinquency and drift
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21. _____ is reckless’s theory that crime takes place when pressures are high and containments (protections) are low.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Containment theory
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22. Is chicago school a school of sociology in the 1920s and 1930s that produced many urban ecological and ethnographic studies of Chicago?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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23. _____ is known as farrington’s notion that bad life events increase one’s antisocial disposition.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Antisocial potential (AP)
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24. _____ is defined as a moral confusion or breakdown in mores or a gap between goals and means in society.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Anomie
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25. Which theory revolves around the usage of longitudinal data as its primary research methodology?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Life course theory
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26. In what way does the general strain theory differ from earlier versions of strain theory?
Answer
Correct Answer:
It takes into account negative relationships.
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27. Lifestyle exposure theory proposes that the probability of crime varies by time, place, and social setting.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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28. According to social disorganization theory, most crime occurs in Zone 1, also called the Central Business Zone.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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29. Farrington’s anti-social personality theory suggests that very few individuals have the capacity to commit anti-social acts.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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30. Which theory focuses on modes of personal adaptation to account for criminality?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Merton’s theory of anomie
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31. Which of the following is a version of social control theory?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Containment theory
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32. Which of the following theories is considered the most popular in the U.S. criminology?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Differential association
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33. An example of the technique of neutralization, denying harm to anyone, is associated with victimless crimes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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34. One of the assumptions of ______ posits that crime in teenage years tends to take place in groups.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Developmental / life course
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35. Developmental life course theories argue that the onset of crime occurs in the ______-year age range.
Answer
Correct Answer:
8-14
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36. Who is/are the theorist/s associated with social disorganization theory?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Shaw and McKay
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37. The ecological fallacy attributes group characteristics to individuals.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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38. Which one of the following were identified as types of illegitimate juvenile subcultures?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Class
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39. Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime would argue that ______ is the key predictor of criminality.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Low self-control
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