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Criminology Variables and Measurement MCQ

Is variable a characteristic that describes people, objects, or places and takes on multiple values in a sample or population?

False

True

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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_____ is known as the object or target of a research study.

There is an undefined relationship between the two variables.

There is no correlation between the two variables.

None of these

Unit of analysis

Answer

Correct Answer: Unit of analysis

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_____ is defined as the causality requirement holding that an independent variable must precede a dependent variable.

When the sample size is of a certain size.

None of these

When researchers hypothesize that one mean is larger/smaller than the other.

Temporal ordering

Answer

Correct Answer: Temporal ordering

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_____ is a quantitative variable that numerically measures the extent to which a particular characteristic is present or absent and has a true zero point.

All of these

Should be used when six or more classes of data exist

Ratio variable

Does not limit the number of classes a variable can contain

Answer

Correct Answer: Ratio variable

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Is ordinal variable a classification that places people or objects into different groups according to a particular characteristic that can be ranked in terms of quantity?

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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_____ is known as the causality requirement holding that the relationship between the independent and dependent variable not be the product of a third variable that has been erroneously omitted from the analysis.

Nonspuriousness

Shared variance

Matched pairs

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Nonspuriousness

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_____ is defined as a classification that places people or objects into different groups according to a particular characteristic that cannot be ranked in terms of quantity.

To make predictions

Nominal variable

To figure out which type of statistic to use

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Nominal variable

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_____ is a property of all levels of measurement whereby there is no overlap between the categories within a variable.

None of these

Mutually exclusive

Continuous

Ratio level

Answer

Correct Answer: Mutually exclusive

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Is level of measurement a variable’s specific type or classification. Four types: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio?

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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_____ is known as a quantitative variable that numerically measures the extent to which a particular characteristic is present or absent and does not have a true zero point.

Predicted y’s and empirical y’s

Empirical y’s

Interval variable

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Interval variable

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_____ is defined as a factor or characteristic that is used to try to explain or predict a dependent variable.

Prior to/after an intervention

Before/after selecting participants

Independent variable (IV)

All of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Independent variable (IV)

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_____ is a property of all levels of measurement whereby the categories or range within a variable capture all possible values.

No relationship exists between all the IVs.

There is no relationship between IVs and DVs.

All of these

Exhaustive

Answer

Correct Answer: Exhaustive

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Is empirical having the qualities of being measurable, observable, or tangible. Empirical phenomena are detectable with senses such as sight, hearing, or touch?

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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_____ is known as the causality requirement holding that the independent and dependent variables possess an observed relationship with one another.

Empirical relationship

All of these

Bonferroni

Two-way ANOVA

Answer

Correct Answer: Empirical relationship

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_____ is defined as the phenomenon that a researcher wishes to study, explain, or predict.

Dependent variable (DV)

None of these

Drawn from subsets of samples

The same as samples

Answer

Correct Answer: Dependent variable (DV)

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_____ is a variable that numerically measures the presence of a particular characteristic. Two types: interval and ratio.

Continuous variable

None of these

Geometry

Basic algebra

Answer

Correct Answer: Continuous variable

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Is constant a characteristic that describes people, objects, or places and takes on only one value in a sample or population?

False

True

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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_____ is known as a variable that classifies people or objects into groups. Two types: nominal and ordinal.

All of these

Categorical variable

Continuous

Continuous and categorical

Answer

Correct Answer: Categorical variable

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Prevalence is defined as a raw count of the number of times a particular characteristic appears in a data set.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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Which term is defined as having the qualities of being measurable, observable, or tangible?

Scientific

Variable

Empirical

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Empirical

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Which of the following is NOT a nominal variable?

Names of students in a class

Number of individual arrests

List of high schools attended by students in class

Names of various corrections institutions

Answer

Correct Answer: Number of individual arrests

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Rank order the following types of variables in order of descriptiveness from least to most

Nominal, ratio, interval, ordinal

Ordinal, ratio, nominal, interval

Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

Ratio, interval, ordinal, nominal

Answer

Correct Answer: Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

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Which of the following describes a dependent variable?

The empirical event a researcher is trying to explain.

A variable that predicts other variables.

A variable that causes other variables to react a certain way.

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: The empirical event a researcher is trying to explain.

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Why is it important to understand levels of measurement?

They are an important statistical building block.

They often determine the type of statistical analysis that should be used.

Some variables can be added and subtracted while some cannot.

All of these

Answer

Correct Answer: All of these

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What is the primary difference between ratio and interval variables?

There is none, they are the same.

Interval variables have an absolute zero point.

Ratio variables have an absolute zero point.

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Ratio variables have an absolute zero point.

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What are two overarching classes of variables?

Ordinal and ratio

Categorical and continuous

Interval and nominal

Interval and ratio

Answer

Correct Answer: Categorical and continuous

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Which of the following statements describes omitted variable bias?

Including too many variables

Making an ecological fallacy

Not including important variables

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Not including important variables

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If a researcher is interested in measuring a student’s grade level, what type of variable is she measuring?

Nominal

Interval

Ordinal

Ratio

Answer

Correct Answer: Ordinal

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Which of the following would be an event to empirically measure?

Number of prisoners in a prison

Odds of a sex offender reoffending

City homicide rates

All of these

Answer

Correct Answer: All of these

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A unit of analysis is the object or target of a research study.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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Constants assume only one value in a sample.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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The two types of continuous variables are ratio and interval variables.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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We can easily determine a cause and effect relationship between two variables.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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A nominal variable is a continuous variable.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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