Criminal Justice And Criminology (Statistics) MCQ Questions Answers

1. According to relative deprivation theory, ________ can be blamed for most crime.

2. Edwin sutherland applied elements of ________ theory to white-collar crime.

3. _____ is the steepness of the regression line and a measure of the change in the dependent variable produced by a one-unit increase in an independent variable.

4. Is residual the difference between a predicted value and an empirical value on a dependent variable?

5. _____ is known as a technique for modeling linear relationships between one or more independent variables and one dependent variable wherein each independent variable is evaluated on the basis of its ability to accurately predict the values of the dependent variable.

6. _____ is defined as a slope coefficient that measures the individual impact of an independent variable on a dependent variable while holding other independent variables constant.

7. _____ is a regression analysis that uses two or more independent variables and one dependent variable.

8. Is intercept the point at which the regression line crosses the y-axis; also the value of y when x = 0?

9. _____ is known as a dichotomous independent variable.

10. _____ is defined as a regression analysis that uses one independent variable and one dependent variable.

11. _____ is a standardized slope coefficient that ranges from –1.00 to +1.00 and can be interpreted similarly to a correlation so that the magnitude of an independent variable–dependent variable relationship can be assessed.

12. Is r coefficient the test statistic in a correlation analysis?

13. _____ is known as when a one-unit increase in the independent variable produces an increase in the dependent variable.

14. _____ is defined as the bivariate statistical analysis used when both independent and dependent variables are continuous.

15. _____ is a relationship wherein the change in the dependent variable associated with a one-unit increase in the independent variable remains static or constant at all levels of the independent variable.

16. Is within-group variance the amount of diversity that exists among the people or objects in a single group or class. This is a measure of random fluctuation, or error?

17. _____ is known as a widely used post hoc test used in ANOVA when the null is rejected as a means of determining the number and location of differences between groups.

18. _____ is defined as analyses conducted when the null is rejected in ANOVA in order to determine the number and location of differences between groups.

19. _____ is a measure of association used in ANOVA when the null has been rejected in order to assess the magnitude of the relationship between the indepen- dent and dependent variables. This measure shows the proportion of the total variability in the sample that is attributable to between-group differences.

20. Is familywise error the increase in the likelihood of a Type I error (i.e., erroneous rejection of a true null hypothesis) that results from running repeated statistical tests on a single sample?

21. _____ is known as the statistic used in ANOVA; a ratio of the amount of between-group variance present in a sample relative to the amount of within-group variance.

22. _____ is defined as the sampling distribution for ANOVA. The distribution is bounded at zero on the left and extends to positive infinity; all values in the F distribution are positive.

23. _____ is a widely used and relatively conservative post hoc test used in ANOVA when the null is rejected as a means of determining the number and location of differences between groups.

24. Is between-group variance the extent to which groups or classes in a sample are similar to or different from one another. This is a measure of true group effect, or a relationship between the independent and dependent variables?

25. _____ is known as the analytic technique appropriate when an independent variable is categorical with three or more classes and a dependent variable is continuous.

26. _____ is defined as the test used with a two-class, categorical independent variable and a continuous dependent variable.

27. _____ is the type of t test appropriate when the samples are independent and the population variances are unequal.

28. Is repeated-measures design a research strategy used to measure the effectiveness of an intervention by comparing two sets of scores (pre and post) from the same sample?

29. _____ is known as the type of t test appropriate when the samples are independent and the population variances are equal.

30. _____ is defined as hypothesis tests in which the entire alpha is placed in either the upper (positive) or lower (negative) tail such that there is only one critical value of the test statistic. Also called directional tests.

31. _____ is a research strategy where a second sample is created on the basis of each case’s simi- larity to a case in an existing sample.

32. Is independent samples pairs of samples in which the selection of people or objects into one sample in no way affected, or was affected by, the selection of people or objects into the other sample?

33. _____ is known as pairs of samples in which the selection of people or objects into one sample directly affected, or was directly affected by, the selection of people or objects into the other sample. The most common types are matched pairs and repeated measures.

34. _____ is defined as the sampling or probability distribution for chi-square tests.

35. _____ is when the obtained value of a test statistic exceeds the critical value and the null is rejected.

36. Is statistical independence the condition in which two variables are not related to one another; that is, knowing what class persons or objects fall into on the independent variable does not help predict which class they will fall into on the dependent variable?

37. _____ is known as the condition in which two variables are related to one another; that is, knowing what class persons/objects fall into on the independent variable helps predict which class they will fall into on the dependent variable.

38. _____ is defined as an asymmetric measure of association for χ2 when the variables are nominal. Somers’ d ranges from –1.00 to +1.00.

39. _____ is known as a symmetric measure of association for chi-square with nominal variables and a 2 × 2 table. Identical to Cramer’s V.

40. _____ is defined as the class of statistical tests used when dependent variables are continuous and normally distributed and the sampling distribution can be assumed to approximate normality.

41. _____ is in SPSS output, the probability associated with the obtained value of the test statistic. When p < α, the null hypothesis is rejected.

42. Is obtained value the value of the test statistic arrived at using the mathematical formulas specific to a particular test. The obtained value is the final product of Step 4 of a hypothesis test?

43. _____ is known as the empirical results seen in a contingency table derived from sample data. Symbolized fo.

44. _____ is defined as the class of statistical tests used when dependent variables are categorical and the sampling distribution cannot be assumed to approximate normality.

45. _____ is procedures for determining the strength or magnitude of a relationship after a chi-square test has revealed a statistically significant association between two variables.

46. Is measures of association procedures for determining the strength or magnitude of a relationship after a chi-square test has revealed a statistically significant association between two variables?

47. _____ is known as an asymmetric measure of association for χ² when the variables are nominal. Lambda ranges from 0.00 to 1.00 and is a proportionate reduction in error measure.

48. _____ is defined as a symmetric measure of association for two ordinal variables when the number of rows and columns in the crosstabs table are unequal. Ranges from –1.00 to +1.00.

49. _____ is a symmetric measure of association for two ordinal variables when the number of rows and columns in the crosstabs table are equal. Ranges from –1.00 to +1.00.

50. Is goodman and Kruskal’s gamma a symmetric measure of association used when both variables are ordinal or one is ordinal and the other is dichotomous. Ranges from –1.00 to +1.00?

51. _____ is known as the theoretical results that would be seen if the null were true—that is, if the two variables were, in fact, unrelated. Symbolized fe.

52. _____ is defined as a symmetric measure of association for χ² when the variables are nominal or when one is ordinal and the other is nominal. V ranges from 0.00 to 1.00 and indicates the strength of the relationship. Higher values represent stronger relationships. Identical to phi in 2 × 2 tables.

53. _____ is the hypothesis-testing procedure appropriate when both the independent variable and the dependent variables are categorical.

54. Is type II error the erroneous retention of a false null hypothesis?

55. _____ is known as the erroneous rejection of a true null hypothesis.

56. _____ is defined as in an inferential test, the hypothesis predicting that there is no relationship between the inde- pendent and dependent variables. Symbolized H0.

57. _____ is the process of generalizing from a sample to a population; the use of a sample statistic to estimate a population parameter. Also called hypothesis testing.

58. Is alternative hypothesis in an inferential test, the hypothesis predicting that there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Symbolized H1. Sometimes referred to as a research hypothesis?

59. _____ is known as a statistical test in which alpha is split in half and placed into both tails of the z or t distribution.

60. _____ is defined as a sample statistic, such as a mean or proportion.

61. _____ is the probability that a confidence interval contains the population parameter. Commonly set at 95% or 99%.

62. Is critical value the value of z or t associated with a given alpha level. Symbolized zα or tα?

63. _____ is known as a range of values spanning a point estimate that is calculated so as to have a certain probability of containing the population parameter.

64. _____ is defined as the opposite of the confidence level; that is, the probability that a confidence interval does not contain the true population parameter. Symbolized α.

65. _____ is a family of curves whose shapes are determined by the size of the sample. All t curves are uni- modal and symmetric, and have an area of 1.00.

66. Is standard error the standard deviation of the sampling distribution?

67. _____ is known as the uncertainty introduced into a sample statistic by the fact that any given sample is only one of many samples that could have been drawn from that population.

68. _____ is defined as a theoretical distribution made out of an infinite number of sample statistics.

69. _____ is an empirical distribution made of raw scores from a sample.

70. Is population distribution an empirical distribution made of raw scores from a population?

71. _____ is known as a number that describes a population from which samples might be drawn.

72. _____ is defined as the statistic used in ANOVA; a ratio of the amount of between-group variance present in a sample relative to the amount of within-group variance.

73. _____ is the property of the sampling distribution that guarantees that this curve will be normally distributed when infinite samples of large size have been drawn.

74. Is trial an act that has several different possible outcomes?

75. _____ is known as a prediction, grounded in logic, about whether or not a certain event will occur.

76. _____ is defined as the outcome of interest in a trial.

77. _____ is a distribution of z scores. The curve is symmetric and unimodal and has a mean of zero, a standard deviation of 1.00, and an area of 1.00.

78. Is restricted multiplication rule for independent events a rule of multiplication that allows the probability that two events will both occur to be calculated as the product of each event’s probability of occurrence: that is, p(A and B) = p(A) · p(B)?

79. _____ is known as the likelihood that a certain event will occur.

80. _____ is defined as logical premises that form a set of predictions about the likelihood of certain events or the empirical results that one would expect to see in an infinite set of trials.

81. _____ is a table or graph showing the entire set of probabilities associated with every possible empirical outcome.

82. Is normal curve a distribution of raw scores from a sample or population that is symmetric and unimodal, and has an area of 1.00. Normal curves are expressed in raw units and differ from one another in metrics, means, and standard deviations?

83. _____ is known as the field of statistics in which a descriptive statistic derived from a sample is employed probabilistically to make a generalization or inference about the population from which the sample was drawn.

84. _____ is defined as any outcome other than success or the event of interest.

85. _____ is symbolized !, the mathematical function whereby the first number in a sequence is multiplied successively by all numbers below it down to 1.00.

86. Is f Distribution the sampling distribution for ANOVA. The distribution is bounded at zero on the left and extends to positive infinity; all values in the F distribution are positive?

87. _____ is known as a numerical result from a sample, such as a mean or frequency. Also called an observed outcome.

88. _____ is defined as the total number of ways that a success r can occur over N trials.

89. _____ is a trial with exactly two possible outcomes. Also called a dichotomous or binary variable empirical outcome.

90. Is binomial probability distribution a numerical or graphical display showing the probability associated with each possible outcome of a trial?

91. _____ is known as the formula used to calculate the probability for each possible outcome of a trial and to create the binomial probability distribution.

92. _____ is defined as a measure of dispersion for variables of any level of measurement that is calculated as the proportion of cases located outside the modal category. Symbolized as VR.

93. _____ is a measure of dispersion calculated as the mean of the squared deviation scores. Notated as s2.

94. Is standard deviation computed as the square root of the variance, a measure of dispersion that is the mean of the deviation scores. Notated as s or sd?

95. _____ is known as based on the bounding rule, the rule stating that the proportion of cases that are not in a certain category can be found by subtracting the proportion that are in that category from 1.00.

96. _____ is defined as A measure of dispersion for continuous variables that is calculated by subtracting the smallest score from the largest. Symbolized as R.

97. _____ is A measure of how flat or spread out a distribution is.

98. Is leptokurtosis a measure of how peaked or clustered a distribution is?

99. _____ is known as a measure of how much a distribution curve’s width departs from normality.

100. _____ is defined as the amount of spread or variability among the scores in a distribution.