Criminal Justice And Criminology (Statistics) In The United States MCQ Questions Answers

1. Exponential of a logistic regression slope coefficient is known as Odds Ratio.

2. Logistic Regression Model is used to predict a dependent variable with two categories (0, 1), called a binary or dichotomous variable. It is used to estimate the probability of a binary response based on one or more ______ variables.

3. ______ Ratio Statistic assesses the goodness of fit for logistic regression models.

4. Heteroscedasticity occurs when the assumption of homoscedasticity is violated and indicates that the error terms are constant across all values of x.

5. Dichotomous Variable is a _____ -category variable.

6. R2 change is the change in the amount of variance explained when a second ______ variable is included in a regression model.

7. Partial Slope Coefficient is the effect of an independent variable on the dependent variable after controlling for ______ independent variable.

8. Correlation between two variables after controlling for a third variable is known as ______

9. Nonspuriousness exists when a relationship between two variables is explained by a third variable.

10. A regression model predicting one dependent variable with two or more independent variables is known as _____

11. Multiple Regression Equation is estimated with two or more independent variables predicting _____dependent variable.

12. Multiple Coefficient of Determination is value of R2 when there is _____ independent variables predicting a dependent variable.

13. Multicollinearity occurs whenever the independent variables in your regression equation are too highly correlated with one another.

14. Standardized slope coefficient in an ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression model is known as _____

15. Value of R2 adjusted to take into account the number of _____ variables in the model predicting the dependent variable.

16. Y Intercept is a value of y in an ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression equation when x is equal to _____

17. Slope is a term in an ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression equation that indicates the change in y associated with a one-unit change in _____

18. _____ is a graphical display of the linear relationship between two interval/ratio-level variables.

19. Difference between the predicted value of y from the regression equation and the observed value at a given x score is known as Residual.

20. Regression Line depicts the relationship between independent and _____ variables determined by an ordinary least-squares regression equation.

21. Value of the dependent variable predicted by a regression equation is known as _____

22. According to positive Correlation,as the independent variable increases, the dependent variable_____.

23. Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient is a statistic that quantifies the direction and strength of the relationship between two _____ -level variables.

24. Nonlinear relationships can take several forms but generally indicate a relationship that changes direction as the values of the independent variable______.

25. As the independent variable increases, the _____ variable decreases, it is called Negative Correlation.

26. The effect of x on y is generally _____ at all values of x.

27. Least Squares Regression Line is a regression line based on the least-squares function to calculate an equation that characterizes the best-fitting line between two _____ variables.

28. Assumption in ordinary least-squares (OLS) regression that the error terms are varied across all values of x is known as Homoscedasticity.

29. Means of y calculated for every value of x is known as conditional Mean of y.

30. Coefficient Of Determination is the percentage of the variation in the dependent variable (y) that is explained by the _____ variable.

31. Bivariate Correlation measures the _____ relationship between two variables.

32. _____ is the name for the population parameter of the slope, but also a name given to the standardized slope regression coefficient in multiple regression.

33. _____ measures the variability within a group for an ANOVA.

34. _____ tests the difference between a series of group mean combinations after the null hypothesis from an ANOVA has been rejected.

35. ______ measures the total variability in the sample for an ANOVA.

36. Eta Squared describes the ratio of variance explained in the dependent variable by _____ variable.

37. CD Score is calculated by Tukey’s Honest Significant Difference (HSD) test to determine the significant difference between a series of group mean combinations after the null hypothesis from an ANOVA has been_____ .

38. _____ measures the variability between groups for an ANOVA.

39. ANOVA is a statistical model used to test the differences between _____ or more group means.

40. Theoretical distribution of the difference between an infinite number of sample_____ is known as Sampling distribution of Sample Mean Difference.

41. Samples in which individuals are either dependent or matched on several characteristics (i.e., age, race, gender, etc.) or _____ samples of the same people are known as Matched or Dependent Samples.

42. Independent Random Samples are the samples that are ______ selected.

43. Total frequencies for the categories of a variable displayed in the rows of a cross-tabulation table refer to _____

44. PRE is a statistics that tells us how much we can reduce prediction errors by knowing the value of _____ variable.

45. Positive Relationship is an increase in one variable that is related to _____in the other.

46. Percentage Differences is the way to examine the _____ relationship in a contingency table.

47. Joint distribution of two categorical variables that we actually observed in our sample data refer to _____

48. An increase in one variable is related to a increase in the other is known as Negative Relationship.

49. Measures of Association refers to Statistics that inform us about the ______ of the relationship between two variables.

50. Lambda is a statistical measure of association that quantifies the strength or magnitude of a relationship between two _____-level variables.

51. For two categorical variables, the intersection of two values or categories is known as Joint Frequency Distribution.

52. Statistical measure of association that quantifies the strength or magnitude of a relationship between two ordinal-level variables is known as _____

53. Joint frequency distribution we would expect to see if the two categorical variables were _____ of each other refers to expected frequencies.

54. Statistical measure of association that quantifies the strength or magnitude of a relationship between two _____-level variables is known as Cramer’s V.

55. The Contingency Table shows the joint distribution of two _____ variables. A contingency table is defined by the number of rows and the number of columns it has. A contingency table with 3 rows and 2 columns is a “3 by 2” contingency table. Also called a cross-tabulation table.

56. Contingency Coefficient is a statistical measure of association that quantifies the strength or magnitude of a relationship between two _____-level variables.

57. Total frequencies for the variable displayed on the column of a cross-tabulation table refers to_____

58. Tests the null hypothesis that two _____ -level variables are independent refers to Chi-Square Test of Independence.

59. Research/alternative hypothesis that does not state the direction of difference; it only states that there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables is known as _____

60. Statistical test used to test several null hypotheses including the difference between two means is known as _____

61. Sampling variation refers to differences between the sample and the population that are due to _____

62. When a research/alternative hypothesis states the directional difference expected it is known as _____

63. In a hypothesis test, the null hypothesis is the hypothesis that is initially assumed to be_____.

64. When a research/alternative hypothesis does not state the direction of difference; it only states that there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables, it is known as the Nondirectional Hypothesis Test.

65. Using sample data, an act in statistics that tests an assumption (the null hypothesis) regarding a _____ parameter is known as Hypothesis Testing.

66. When a _____ hypothesis states the directional difference expected it is known as Directional Hypothesis Test.

67. Z Distribution is a statistical sampling distribution used in many statistical tests including for _____

68. Statistical sampling distribution used in many statistical tests including for the construction of confidence intervals and the difference between two means is known as _____ Distribution.

69. Standard Error of the Proportion is the_____ of the sampling distribution of the proportion.

70. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the_____ is known as Standard Error of the Mean.

71. Statistic (i.e., mean, proportion, etc.) obtained from a sample of the population is known as Sample Statistic.

72. Population Parameter is a Statistic (i.e., mean, proportion, etc.) obtained from a population. Since we rarely have entire population data, we typically estimate population parameters using _____ statistics.

73. Sample statistics such as the mean and proportion that are sample estimates of the same values in the population refer to _____

74. Degrees of Freedom is the value necessary along with a given alpha value to determine the_____

75. Confidence Limits are numerical _____ values that correspond to any given confidence interval around a point estimate from the sample.

76. Level of confidence (e.g., 95% or 99%) that is set for a statistical inference from the sample to the population is known as Confidence level.

77. Statistical interval around a point estimate (e.g., mean) that we can provide a level of confidence to for capturing the true population parameter is known as _____

78. Score from the standard normal probability distribution that indicates how many standard deviation units a score is from the mean of zero is known as ______

79. Probability distribution of a sample statistic drawn from a very large number of samples from some given population is known as ______

80. If two events are independent of each other, the probability of event A occurring and event B occurring is equal to the product of their _____ probabilities is known as Restricted Multiplication Rule of probabilities.

81. According to Restricted addition Rule of probabilities if two events are mutually exclusive, the probability of event A occurring or event B occurring is equal to the _____ of their separate probabilities.

82. Distribution of all possible outcomes of a trial and the associated probability of each outcome is known as Probability Distribution.

83. In a hypothesis test, the null hypothesis is the hypothesis that is initially assumed to be_____.

84. Mutually Exclusive events are the events that cannot occur at the same time. In other words, there is no intersection of mutually exclusive events so their joint probability is equal to_____.

85. Statistical tools for estimating how likely it is that a statistical result based on data from a random sample is representative of the population from which the sample has been selected is known as ______

86. When two events are independent, knowledge of one event helps predict the probability of the other event occurring.

87. According to General rule of Multiplication Rule of Probabilities if two events are not independent of each other, the probability of event A occurring and event B occurring is equal to the _____ of the unconditional probability of event A and the conditional probability of event B given A.

88. According to general Addition Rule of Probabilities if two events are not mutually exclusive, the probability of event A occurring or event B occurring is equal to the sum of their separate probabilities _____ their joint probability.

89. Statistics used to describe the distribution of a sample or population is known as ______

90. Region set by the alpha level to determine the rejection region for a _____ hypothesis test.

91. Conditional Probability is the probability of one event occurring (A) given that another event has occurred (B), written as_____

92. Complement of event A is the set of all outcomes of a sample space that are not A. It is calculated as _____

93. Central Limit Theorem is a statistical theorem that states that the sampling distribution of any statistic will approximate normality as the sample size_____.

94. According to the Bounding rule of Probabilities the probability of any event can never be ______

95. Binomial distribution is probability distribution for which there are just two possible outcomes with fixed probabilities that sum to _____

96. Appropriate measure of dispersion to use when variables are measured at the _____ level is known as Variation Ratio.

97. Variance measures the ______ deviations from the mean for an interval/ratio variable.

98. Square root of the squared deviations about the mean is known as _____

99. Range is a measure of dispersion appropriate for ______ level data.

100. Q3 is the ______percentile in a distribution of scores.