Criminal Justice Ethics MCQ Questions Answers

1. The court of justice is the ________ of the european union.

2. The theory of psychological egoism denies the existence of true altruism.

3. Stoicism asks that we accept that some things are within our power to change while others are not.

4. Critics of consequentialism argue that even an accurate, empirically verified and successful application of the theory can sometimes result in ______.

5. In 2015, Moore suggested that policy makers have failed to act to address racial discrimination in the criminal justice system because the U.S. Supreme Court has ______ racial disparities in its decision making. They have consistently discounted the constitutional significance of racial influences in the system.

6. There is no substantial difference between the attitudes of white and black citizens toward the death penalty.

7. Hispanics have a higher incarceration rather than blacks.

8. Studies tend to show that race is not a factor in bail applications if dangerousness and bail history are controlled for.

9. In 1954, in Brown v. Board of Education, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the doctrine of separate but equal.

10. According to the FBI’s Hate Crime Statistics, the number of hate crimes increased from 2012 to 2016 by over 1,200 incidents.

11. Enforcement and sentencing for violations of modern ______ laws have been frequent targets of claims of racial discrimination.

12. According to consensus theorists, ______.

13. In a study by Baldus (1987), even after taking into account nonracial variables, defendants charged with killing white victims were found to be ______% times more likely to receive the death penalty than those killing black victims.

14. The U.S. Sentencing Commission (2017) reported that black male offenders received sentences ______% longer than similarly situated white males from 2012 to 2015.

15. Economic and social factors are now understood to ______ racial disparities already experienced by people in minority groups who have felony convictions.

16. Although courts have made efforts to reduce racism in jury selection, the defense and prosecution’s use of ______ to eliminate potential jurors remains a problematic area.

17. Studies tend to show that race is ______ in bail applications once dangerousness to community and prior history at trial are controlled for.

18. Interactions involving ______ officers and black suspects are more likely to involve the use of coercion.

19. Researchers have found that there is racism in certain ______ in the criminal justice system.

20. Which group found that excessive force was used by LAPD officers against Rodney King and their actions were compounded by racism and bias?

21. Most studies of racism in the criminal justice system have focused on “grand apartheid.” This term means ______.

22. Which of the following aspects to racism deals with culture and biology are used to rationalize and justify superior position of a dominant culture?

23. In the 1800s in the United States, the idea of racial inferiority helped support the institution of ______.

24. Differences based on “race” refers to a group of people’s ______.

25. Public opinion polls generally show that Americans favor keeping the death penalty as a punishment for murder.

26. Truth in sentencing laws have resulted in lower sentences for most violent offenders.

27. Because of the Adam Walsh Act, juvenile sex offenders 14 years or older must automatically register as sex offenders for life, with a minimum period of registration of 25 years.

28. Given that black street level drug dealers are easy targets for police arrest, police choose to arrest more blacks and more blacks are imprisoned. In policy terms, arresting street level offenders for drug offenses has the greatest effect on drug availability.

29. As discussed in this chapter specifically in relation to the War on Drugs and the Three Strikes legislation, policy choices sometimes have a disproportionate impact on minorities.

30. In which court case did Judge Rakoff argue that the use of capital punishment is unconstitutional because there is no longer any certainty of a person’s guilt in a capital offense?

31. Which act passed in 1996 undermined the ability of death row inmates to use federal habeas corpus procedures to have their cases reviewed in federal courts?

32. The Supreme Court case that ultimately claimed that the execution of anyone under the age of 18 at the time of their crime is a violation of the Eighth Amendment was the ______ case.

33. To be more ethical with regard to sexual predators of children, legislation needs to focus less on stranger pedophiles and more on ______.

34. During the 1990s, which group emerged as a distinct and dangerous criminal class associated with the belief that children are more vulnerable to sexual abuse and molestation?

35. Which act passed in 1970 introduced a classification system for licit and illicit drugs and, based on this, criminalized drug distribution, possession and use.

36. Three-strikes laws have a number of adverse implications. Which of the following is not one of them?

37. Many current policies and criminal justice trends lack an ethical focus. Which of the following is not subjected to that accusation in this chapter?

38. The data on recidivism suggests that sex offenders do not have higher recidivism rates than other offenders.

39. The 110th edition of the World Population List stated that the United States has the second highest prison population worldwide at the end of October 2015.

40. Which act, passed in 2010, reformed drug sentencing by repealing the five-year mandatory sentence for first-time offenders and for repeat offenders with less than 28 grams of cocaine?

41. Mooney (2001) argues that the United States has a preoccupation with morality policy and suggests that the reasons for this relate to ______.

42. The various theories of “moral panic,” while different in their explanation for the phenomenon, generally teach that ______.

43. Which of the following is a way of thinking about the ethics about criminal justice policy making?

44. Which of Reamer’s (1986) grounds argues certain policies are desirable because they fit a set of assumptions that may be based on religious beliefs, practice, or even basic intuition?

45. Peacemaking is similar to peacekeeping.

46. West concludes that care images appear to be oppositional to images of justice.

47. Blum contends it is unnecessary to explore whether care may take different forms in different contexts and draw on different virtues and sensitivities.

48. An ethic of care focuses on rules and institutions.

49. Women might be more attracted to an approach that emphasizes caring because of the social role that they have traditionally performed.

50. Pepinsky (1999) noted that peacemaking criminology seems to adopt an approach grounded in ______.

51. The fourth level of Fuller’s (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology is ______.

52. An aspect that advocates thinking about our actions and the needs of others in the long term and acting in ways that demonstrate our knowledge of the correct thing to do in the long term is ______.

53. Braswell and Gold (1998) suggest that there are three aspects of peacemaking criminology. They are ______.

54. Darwall (1998) suggests that the ______ may not stand in opposition to traditional moral theory but instead can operate as an important supplement and a different path.

55. The ethic of care ______.

56. The ______ rejects the idea of relying on rules to assess morality, regarding them as guidelines and not as determinants of right or wrong.

57. Gilligan’s theory can be summarized as an ethic of ______.

58. Which of Gilligan’s (1982) levels/stages focuses on moral goodness as seen as caring both for oneself and for others?

59. Which of Gilligan’s (1982) levels/stages focuses on a shift from selfishness to responsibility?

60. According to Gilligan (1982), men apply rules ______.

61. For Gilligan, women tend to see life not in terms of justice and rights, but in terms of ______.

62. Which stage/level of Kohlberg’s theory emphasizes society and conformity to social rules?

63. Carol Gilligan, one of Kohlberg’s critics, conducted her own studies and concluded that women ______.

64. Kohlberg developed a theory of stages of moral development that grew out of his interest in the question why people would break a written law ______.

65. Rawls theory of justice is designed to help people make ethical decisions in their everyday lives.

66. The sexual division of labor has been a fundamental part of the marriage contract.

67. The difference principle is a public system of rules that define offices and positions with their rights and duties, powers and immunities.

68. Rawls attempts to demonstrate that if the parties are rational and act only in their own self-interest, they will choose the two principles of justice that he puts forward.

69. Rawls’s conception of justice has modern origins.

70. Rawl's approach is ______ in nature because his theoretical position favors establishing principles to govern our sense of justice; he sees us acting on principles rather than looking at consequences or at our individual character.

71. Just as Rawls viewed his theory as being applicable to social and economic justice issues, i.e., fair distribution of scarce resources, so too could it be applied to issues of ______.

72. For Rawls, ______ can be a danger to a stable, well-ordered society and therefore ought to be regulated by public institutions.

73. One criticism of Rawls’ moral development is that he assumes ______.

74. In the second stage of moral development, the family itself is seen as a small association, with each member having rights and duties and with the child being taught standards of behavior as he or she develops. This stage is known as ______.

75. The principles specify the kinds of ______ that can take place and the forms of government that can be established.

76. Therefore, any departure from ______ may not be justified by greater social and economic advantages.

77. The difference principle reflects the Kantian principle that people are to be treated as ______.

78. Under Rawls’ “difference principle,” ______.

79. If we make ______ in accordance with the principles, we will be acting morally.

80. For Rawls, a/an ______ is the fundamental charter of a well-ordered human association.

81. Which of the following is one of Rawls’ principles of justice?

82. In his model, the persons who must decide and conclude this agreement from what is called the ______ are men and women of ordinary talents and tastes.

83. Rawls follows a/an ______ approach to ethics.

84. John Rawls’ theory of justice is proposed as an alternative to ______.

85. While both Egoism and Hedonism tend to celebrate self-gratification and selfishness, Stoicism generally does not.

86. Ayn Rand was a supporter of ethical egoism.

87. The foremost opponent of Hedonism was the Greek philosopher Epictetus.

88. Ethical egoism has been rejected because ______.

89. Psychological egoism appeals to a ______.

90. If one is to interpret all acts in terms of their lack of ______, one must surely distinguish between acts that are done out of a motive to help others but that also produce feelings of satisfaction.

91. Egoism argues that the right actions are those that promote ______, and the wrong actions are those that detract from it.

92. Typically, an egoist is ______.

93. According to proponents of ethical hedonism, the ______.

94. The ethical hedonist believes people ______.

95. Pleasure, according to Epicurus, meant ______.

96. According to Epicurus, the proper way to live is ______.

97. The Stoics explain ______.

98. Stoicism is distinguished from ______ because the latter advocates a withdrawal from public life and living with a circle of like-minded friends.

99. For stoics, ______ is achieved through a will that operates in accordance with the happenings of nature.

100. For stoics, virtue is ______.