Applied Statistics MCQ Questions Answers

1. Four significant outcomes of the 1949 communist revolution in china were _____.

2. The goal of chinese nationalism was to free china from _____.

3. Ghandi believed nationalism could be achieved through _____.

4. As a result of the great leap forward, _____.

5. The opposite process rule says to solve for ________.

6. The slope of a vertical line is _______; the slope of a horizontal line is _______.

7. Graphical elements that precede each item in a list are known as ________.

8. Data displays are __________ patterns in data.

9. ________ refers to the display of complex data relationships using a variety of graphical methods.

10. Tracing Rule is defined as Procedures for tracing all possible paths from each causal variable to each outcome variable in a path model. The (reproduced) total correlation between two variables in a path model using standardized variables is obtained by tracing all routes or paths between those variables, with some limitations.

11. Moving Average Model is a time-series model in which X at Time t is predicted not only by an external random variable et at Time t but also by earlier values of that random variable such as et–1 and et–2.

12. In time-series modeling, an integrated model is one in which X at Time t is predicted by X at Time t – 1 plus a random error.It is known as:

13. A model for serial dependence in a time series such that X at Time t is predictable from X at Time t – 1 and possibly X at earlier times such as t – 2 and t – 3. It is called _______________ .

14. Classification Table means assess how well a logistic regression or a discriminant analysis predicts group membership, a contingency table can be set up to show how well or how poorly the predicted group memberships correspond to the actual group memberships.

15. The exponential of B, which can also be represented as eB. This is used in binary logistic regression is known as:

16. For each B coefficient in a logistic regression model, the corresponding Wald function tests the null hypothesis that B = 0 is known as:

17. In binary logistic regression, this is one of the pseudo-R2 values provided by SPSS as an overall index of the strength of prediction for the entire model is called _____________ .

18. This is one of the pseudo-R2 values provided by SPSS as an overall index of the strength of prediction for a binary logistic regression model is known as:

19. In binary logistic regression, –2LL is analogous to the sum of squared residuals in a multiple linear regression; the larger the absolute value of –2LL.

20. _____________ _ is an index of goodness of fit. For each case, the log of the predicted probability of group membership (such as the log of p =.89) is multiplied by the actual group membership code (e.g., 0 or 1).

21. In binary logistic regression, the null model represents prediction of group membership that does not use information about any predictor variables.

22. The exponential function applied to a specific numerical value such as a is simply ea is called ______________ .

23. Logit is a natural logarithm of an odds.

24. This is a function that has an S-shaped curve. This type of function usually occurs when the variable plotted on the X axis is a probability, because probabilities must fall between 0 and 1 is called ____________ .

25. For the overall logistic regression model, the chi-square test tests the null hypothesis that the overall model including all predictor variables is not predictive of group membership is known as:

26. Moderation involves a situation in which the slope to predict Y from X1 differs across scores on the X2 variable.

27. There are many ways model parameters can be constrained. One type of constraint is created when there is no direct path between two variables is called ____________ .

28. Kline (2006) recommends that this should also be reported; SRMR > .10 may indicate poor fit. Amos does not provide SRMR is called __________ .

29. A goodness-of-fit index based on information that compares model fit for the specified model with model fit for the null model the (which represents an assumption that none of the variables are related) is known as:

30. Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) model fit index calculates the size of the standardized residual correlations. It ranges from 0 (perfect fit) to 1 (poor fit).

31. One of several indexes of fit that describes how well the overall model paths and coefficients reproduce the variance/covariance information in the data is known as:

32. An analysis that has one or more implied correlations greater than zero in absolute value and/or negative error variance estimates is called ___________ .

33. In binary logistic regression, Model A (e.g., Yi = a + b1 × X1) is nested in Model B (e.g., Yi = a + b1 × X1 + b2 × X2) if all the variables in Model A are also included in Model B, but Model B has one or more additional variables that are not included in Model A.

34. If a structural model has causal loops, it is called _____________ .

35. Models are equivalent when they have identical goodness of fit but include paths that correspond to different hypotheses about which variables are causally related, or direction of causality is known as:

36. Underidentified Model is a model that has more free parameters to estimate than pieces of information in the data; it does not have a unique solution.

37. A model is overidentified if there are more pieces of information in the data (variances and covariances) than free parameter estimates and the model df are positive is known as:

38. A model is just identified if it includes direct paths between all variables and has 0 degrees of freedom is known as:

39. Model Fit is the degree to which the variance/covariance matrix that is reproduced from the paths and coefficients of a structural model matches the variances and covariances estimated using the original data set.

40. Assessment of model identification often involves complex considerations and can be quite difficult (Kenny & Milan, 2012) is called _______________ .

41. Model identification is difficult to assess completely (Kenny & Milan, 2012). One part of this involves comparison of the number of parameters to be estimated versus the number of distinct sample moments is known as:

42. An empirical method for estimation of standard errors and confidence intervals, used in situations where there is no simple formula to calculate these is called ___________ .

43. In structural equation modeling, a model that has no paths among any variables; it represents that assumption that none of the variables are related, causally or non causally is Known as:

44. A model that includes direct paths from each variable to every other variable. It represents the (usually uninteresting) hypothesis that everything is related to everything is called ____________ .

45. For each parameter, the modification index indicates how much overall model fit can be improved by changing that parameter is known as:

46. In a causal model, a unidirectional arrow that points from X toward Y denotes the theoretical existence of a causal connection in which X causes or influences Y (X → Y).

47. In a causal model, a bidirectional arrow is used to represent a situation where two variables are non causally associated with each other; they are

48. A model that represents indicator variables with paths (loadings) that relate them to latent variables (factors) is called _______ .

49. A statistic is the best ordinary least squares estimate if it minimizes the sum of squared prediction errors is known as:

50. Structural Model is the part of a structural equation model that represents causal (and correlational) paths among latent variables and measured variables.

51. The X variables in a structural equation model that are measured in the study. In an Amos path model, these are represented as a rectangle called _________ .

52. A measurement model in a structural equation model consists of a latent variable and its indicator variables are called ___________ .

53. This is a matrix that summarizes all the variances and all the possible covariances for a list of variables is known as:

54. A method of scale construction in which items are selected for inclusion in the scale because they have high correlations with the criterion of interest is known as:

55. Discriminant Validity means our theories tell us that a measure X should be unrelated to other variables such as Y, a correlation of near 0 is taken as evidence of discriminant validity, that is, evidence that X does not measure things it should not be measuring.

56. _____________ _ is the degree to which a new measure, X', correlates with an existing measure, X, that is supposed to measure the same construct .

57. Tests that involve the presentation of ambiguous stimuli (such as Rorschach inkblots or thematic apperception test drawings) is known as:

58. The degree to which it is obvious what attitudes or abilities a test measures from the content of the questions posed is called __________ .

59. The degree to which the content of questions in a self-report measure covers the entire domain of material that should be included (based on theory or assessments by experts) is known as:

60. The degree to which an X variable really measures the construct that it is supposed to measure is known as:

61. When a test developer creates two versions of a test (which contain different questions but are constructed to include items that are matched in content) is called ___________ .

62. A type of internal consistency reliability assessment that is used with multiple-item scales. The set of p items in the scale is divided (either randomly or systematically) into two sets of p/2 items is known as:

63. Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR-20) is the name given to Cronbach’s alpha when all items are dichotomous. See also internal consistency reliability.

64. When a correlation is obtained to index split-half reliability, that correlation actually indicates the reliability or consistency of a scale with p/2 items is called __________ .

65. Consistency or agreement across a number of measures of the same construct, usually multiple items on a self-report test is known as:

66. An index of internal consistency reliability that assesses the degree to which responses are consistent across a set of multiple measures of the same construct, usually self-report items is known as:

67. A statistic that assesses the degree of agreement in the assignment of categories made by two judges or observers (correcting for chance levels of agreement) is known as:

68. A rotation in which the factors are allowed to become correlated to some degree is called ____________ .

69. How many factors or components are needed to reproduce the correlation matrix R adequately is known as:

70. These are questions that are worded in such a way that a strong level of disagreement with the statement indicates more of the trait or attitude that the test is supposed to measure is known as:

71. Factor loadings (or correlations between X variables and factors) that have been re-estimated relative to rotated or relocated factor axes. The goal of factor rotation is to improve the interpretability of results is known as:

72. ____________ is a factor rotation in which the factors are constrained to remain uncorrelated or orthogonal to one another.

73. When a set of p variables is factor analyzed, the initial solution consists of p factors. This full solution (same number of factors as variables) is called the initial solution is called ______________ .

74. Varimax Rotation is the most popular method of factor rotation. The goal is to maximize the variance of the absolute values of loadings of variables within each factor, that is, to relocate the factors in such a way that, for each variable, the loading on the relocated factors is as close to 0, or as close to +1 or –1, as possible.

75. A plot of the eigenvalues (on the Y axis) by factor number 1, 2, . . ., p (on the X axis). “Scree” refers to the rubble at the foot of a hill is known as:

76. In this process, model parameters are estimated multiple times until some goodness-of-fit criterion is reached is called ___________ .

77. Squaring the factor loading matrix A (i.e., finding the matrix product A´A) reproduces the correlation matrix R is known as:

78. A communality, sometimes denoted b2, is an estimate of the proportion of variance in each of the original p variables that is reproduced by a set of retained components or factors is known as:

79. For each factor, the sum of squared loadings is obtained by squaring and summing the loadings of all variables with that factor is known as:

80. Diagonal Matrix is a matrix in which all the off-diagonal elements are 0.

81. _____________ is an exploratory factor analysis that initially estimates k loadings for k measured variables on k factors.

82. A score for each individual participant that is calculated by applying the factor score coefficients for each factor to z scores on all items is called _______________ .

83. This is a computation that involves estimating a set of factor or component loadings; loadings are correlations between actual measured variables and latent factors or components is known as:

84. The formula to calculate a standard score or z score is z = (X – M)/SD. A distribution of z scores has M = 0 and SD = 1. This formula is known as:

85. The distance of an individual score from the mean of a distribution expressed in unit-free terms is called _______________ .

86. A factor is a latent or an imaginary variable that can be used to reconstruct the observed correlations among measured X variables.

87. _______________ is an “imaginary” variable used to understand why observed X’s are correlated. In factor analysis, it is assumed that measured X scores are correlated because they measure the same underlying construct or latent variable.

88. Hotelling’s T2 is a multivariate generalization of the t test (Hotelling’s T2 compares vectors of means on p variables across two groups.

89. This is a statistic that tests the significance of just the first discriminant function; it is equivalent to the squared canonical correlation of scores on the first discriminant function with group membership.

90. One of the multivariate test statistics provided by the SPSS GLM procedure to test the null hypothesis H0: μ1 = μ2 = ··· = μk is called _________ .

91. The use of multiple and different types of measurement to tap the same construct is called ___________ .

92. One of the multivariate test statistics used to test the null hypothesis in MANOVA, H0: μ1 = μ2 = ··· = μk is known as:

93. A multivariate mean; in discriminant analysis, the centroid of a group corresponds to the mean values of the scores on D1, D2, and any other discriminant functions is known as:

94. Canonical Correlation (rc) is the correlation between scores on a discriminant function and group membership.

95. In the context of discriminant analysis, an eigenvalue is a value associated with each discriminant function is known as:

96. Just as univariate analysis of variance assumes equality of the population variances of the dependent variable across group is known as:

97. Dimension Reduction Analysis is a discriminant analysis that yields several discriminant functions, the data analyst may think of each discriminant analysis as a “dimension” along which groups differ.

98. ____________ ia an overall goodness-of-fit measure used in discriminant analysis. It is the most widely used multivariate test statistic for the null hypothesis shown in multivariate analysis of variance: H0: μ1 = μ2 = ··· = μk.

99. These are the weights given to individual predictor variables when we compute scores on discriminant functions called _____________.

100. A graphical representation of the scores of individual cases on discriminant functions (SPSS plots only scores on the first two discriminant functions, D1 and D2) is known as: