_____ is known as the use of multiple methods to study one research question. Also used to mean the use of two or more different measures of the same variable.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Triangulation
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_____ is defined as an important feature of the scientific method that requires procedures, methods, and data analyses of any study to be presented clearly for the purposes of replication.
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Correct Answer:
Transparent
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_____ is popular and versatile research instruments using a question format. Surveys can either be self-administered or read by an interviewer.
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Correct Answer:
Surveys
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Is social science the use of scientific methods to investigate individuals, societies, and social processes, including questions related to criminology and criminal justice; the knowledge produced by these investigations?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as observations chosen because they are in accord with the preferences or beliefs of the observer.
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Correct Answer:
Selective observation
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_____ is defined as A set of logical, systematic, documented methods for investigating nature and natural processes; the knowledge produced by these investigations.
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Correct Answer:
Science
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_____ is reluctance to change ideas in light of new information due to ego-based commitments, excessive devotion to tradition, or uncritical agreement with authorities.
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Correct Answer:
Resistance to change
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Is quantitative research methods methods such as surveys and experiments that record variation in social life in terms of categories that vary in amount. Data that are treated as quantitative are either numbers or attributes that can be ordered in terms of magnitude?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as these methods typically involve exploratory research questions, inductive reasoning, an orientation to social context and human subjectivity, and the meanings attached by participants to events and to their lives. Qualitative data are mostly written or spoken words or observations that do not have a direct numerical interpretation.
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Correct Answer:
Qualitative research methods
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_____ is defined as dubious but fascinating claims that are touted as “scientifically proven” and bolstered by fervent, public testimonials of believers who have experienced firsthand or have claimed to have witnessed the phenomenon; however, such evidence is not based on the principles of the scientific method.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pseudoscience
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_____ is the belief that there is an empirical reality but that our understanding of it is limited by its complexity and by the biases and other limitations of researchers.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Postpositivism
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Is positivism the belief, shared by most scientists, that there is a reality that exists quite apart from our own perception of it, although our knowledge of this reality may never be complete?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a now defunct field of study, once considered a science in the 19th century, that held that bumps and fissures of the skull determined the character and personality of a person.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Phrenology
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_____ is defined as a process in which a journal editor sends a submitted article to two or three experts who judge whether the paper should be accepted, revised and resubmitted, or rejected; the experts also provide comments to explain their decision and guide any revisions.
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Correct Answer:
Peer review
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_____ is a type of research in which the researcher involves some organizational members as active participants throughout the process of studying an organization; the goal is making changes in the organization.
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Correct Answer:
Participatory action research
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Is participant observation a type of field research in which a researcher develops a sustained and intensive relationship with people while they go about their normal activities?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as an error in reasoning that occurs when we conclude that what we have observed or know to be true for a subset of cases holds true for the entire set.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Overgeneralization
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_____ is defined as research that combines qualitative and quantitative methods in an investigation of the same or related research question(s).
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Correct Answer:
Mixed‑methods research
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_____ is agreement between scientists about the nature of reality; often upheld as a more reasonable goal for science than certainty about an objective reality.
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Correct Answer:
Intersubjective agreement
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Is interpretivism the belief that reality is socially constructed and that the goal of social scientists is to understand what meanings people give to that reality?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as open-ended, relatively unstructured questioning in which the interviewer seeks in-depth information on the interviewee’s feelings, experiences, and/ or perceptions.
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Correct Answer:
Intensive interviewing
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_____ is defined as observations based on faulty perceptions of empirical reality.
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Correct Answer:
Inaccurate observation
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_____ is prematurely jumping to conclusions and arguing on the basis of invalid assumptions.
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Correct Answer:
Illogical reasoning
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Is feminist research research with a focus on women’s lives that often includes an orientation to personal experience, subjective orientations, the researcher’s standpoint, and emotions?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as research in which social phenomena are investigated without a priori expectations in order to develop explanations of them.
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Correct Answer:
Exploratory research
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_____ is defined as research that seeks to identify causes and/or effects of social phenomena.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Explanatory research
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_____ is an approach in which the researcher assigns individuals to two or more groups in a way that equates the characteristics of individuals in the groups (with a certain chance of error), except for variation in the groups’ exposure to the independent variable.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Experimental approach
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Is evaluation research research about social programs or interventions?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is defined as a branch of philosophy that studies how knowledge is gained or acquired.
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Correct Answer:
Epistemology
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_____ is research in which social phenomena are defined and described.
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Correct Answer:
Descriptive research
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Is critical theory focuses on examining structures, patterns, and meanings but rests on the premise that power differences have shaped these structures and patterns?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as geographical mapping strategies used to visualize a number of things, including location, distance, and patterns of crime and their correlates.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Crime mapping
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_____ is defined as a research method for systematically analyzing and making inferences from text.
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Correct Answer:
Content analysis
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Secondary data analysis is the reanalysis of existing data.
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Correct Answer:
True
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Critical theory focuses on examining structures, patterns of behavior, and meanings, with a particular emphasis on power differences.
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Correct Answer:
True
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The goal of evalaution research is to answer the question “What is going on here?”
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Correct Answer:
False
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Research that seeks to identify causes and effect of a social phenomenon in an effort to predict behavior can be considered explanatory research.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Epistemology is an area of science that believes that the bumps and fissures on the skull determine the character and personality of an individual.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Science is a set of logical, systematic, documented methods for investigating nature and natural processes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Uncritical agreement with authority is exhibited when individuals express some degree of devotion to tradition.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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When individuals are “set in their ways,” they are said to be demonstrating resistance to change.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Assuming that violence in the media has no influence on individual behavior is an example of illogical reasoning.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Logical reasoning occurs when individuals prematurely jump to conclusions.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Observations that are based on faulty perceptions of reality are referred to as inaccurate observations.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Overgeneralization occurs when observations are chosen because they align with the observer’s preferences or beliefs.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Selective observation refers to when we conclude that what we have observed is true for all cases.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Omission bias is a type of error in reasoning.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Errors in reasoning are common when we are analyzing the social world.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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