Is cohort individuals or groups with a common starting point. Examples of cohorts include the college class of 1997, people who graduated from high school in the 1980s, General Motors employees who started work between 1990 and 2000, and people who were born in the late 1940s or the 1950s (the baby boom generation)?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Is treatment misidentification a problem that occurs in an experiment when the treatment itself is not what causes the outcome, but rather the outcome is caused by some intervening process that the researcher has not identified and is not aware of?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is defined as the manipulation that exposes subjects in an experiment to a particular value of the independent variable.
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Correct Answer:
Treatment
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_____ is a quasi-experimental design consisting of many pretest and posttest observations of the same group.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Time series design (repeated measures panel design)
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Is solomon four-group design an experimental design in which there are four groups. Two of the groups represent a classic experimental design in which there is an experimental and a control group that each receive a pretest. The final two groups represent an experimental and a control group, but neither receives a pretest. This design helps to identify the interaction of testing and treatment?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is defined as an ethical issue about how much researchers can influence the benefits subjects receive as part of the treatment being studied in a field experiment.
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Correct Answer:
Selective distribution of benefits
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_____ is a source of internal (causal) invalidity that occurs when characteristics of experimental and comparison group subjects differ in any way that influences the outcome.
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Correct Answer:
Selection bias
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Is regression effect a source of causal invalidity that occurs when subjects who are chosen for a study because of their extreme scores on the dependent variable become less extreme on the posttest due to natural cyclical or episodic change in the variable?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a procedure by which each experimental and control group subject is placed in a group randomly.
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Correct Answer:
Random assignment
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_____ is defined as a research design in which there is a comparison group that is comparable to the experimental group in critical ways, but subjects are not randomly assigned to the comparison and experimental groups.
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Correct Answer:
Quasi-experimental design
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_____ is a research design in which periodic measures are taken to determine whether a treatment is being delivered as planned, usually in a field experiment.
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Correct Answer:
Process analysis
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Is pretest measurement of an outcome (dependent) variable prior to an experimental intervention or change in a presumed independent variable for some other reason. The pretest is exactly the same test as the posttest, but it is administered at a different time?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is measurement of an outcome (dependent) variable after an experimental intervention or after a presumed independent variable has changed for some other reason.
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Correct Answer:
Posttest
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Is placebo effect a source of treatment misidentification that can occur when subjects receive a treatment that they consider likely to be beneficial and improve because of that expectation rather than because of the treatment itself?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a quasi-experimental design in which there are experimental and comparison groups that are designated before the treatment occurs but are not created by random assignment.
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Correct Answer:
Nonequivalent control group design
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_____ is defined as a quasi-experimental design consisting of several before-and-after comparisons involving the same variables but different groups.
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_____ is a procedure for equating the characteristics of individuals in different comparison groups in an experiment
Answer
Correct Answer:
Matching
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Is hawthorne effect a type of contamination in experimental and quasi-experimental designs that occurs when members of the treatment group change in terms of the dependent variable because their participation in the study makes them feel special?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as an experimental study conducted in a real-world setting.
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Correct Answer:
Field experiment
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_____ is defined as a survey in which randomly selected subsets of respondents are asked different questions, or are asked to respond to different vignettes, in order to determine the causal effect of the variables represented by these differences.
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Correct Answer:
Factorial survey
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_____ is a source of causal invalidity that occurs when something other than the treatment influences outcome scores.
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Correct Answer:
External events (history effect)
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Is expectancies of the experimental staff (self-fulfilling prophecy) a source of treatment misidentification in experiments and quasi-experiments that occurs when change among experimental subjects is due to the positive expectancies of the staff who are delivering the treatment rather than to the treatment itself; also called a self-fulfilling prophecy?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is nonexperimental design in which comparison groups are selected after the treatment, program, or other variation in the independent variable has occurred.
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Correct Answer:
Ex post facto control group design
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Is experimental group in an experiment, the group of subjects that receives the treatment or experimental manipulation?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a source of causal invalidity that occurs when natural developments or changes in the subjects (independent of the experimental treatment itself) account for some or all of the observed change from the pretest to the posttest.
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Correct Answer:
Endogenous change
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_____ is defined as an experimental method in which neither subjects nor the staff delivering experimental treatments know which subjects are getting the treatment and which are receiving a placebo.
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Correct Answer:
Double-blind procedure
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_____ is a problem that occurs in experiments when comparison groups become different because subjects are more likely to drop out of one of the groups than the other for various reasons.
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Correct Answer:
Differential attrition
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Is demoralization a type of contamination in experimental and quasi-experimental designs that occurs when control group members are aware they were denied some treatment they believe is valuable, and as a result, they feel demoralized and perform worse than expected?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is a source of causal invalidity that occurs when the experimental and/or the comparison group is aware of the other group and is influenced in the posttest as a result.
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Correct Answer:
Contamination
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Is compensatory rivalry (John Henry effect) a type of contamination in experimental and quasi-experimental designs that occurs when control group members are aware that they are being denied some advantage and increase their efforts by way of compensation. This problem has also been referred to as the John Henry effect?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Is causal effect when a series of concrete events, thoughts, or actions result in a particular event or individual outcome?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a quasi-experimental design consisting of before-and-after comparisons involving the same variables but different groups.
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Correct Answer:
Before-and-after design
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_____ is defined as the cases about which measures actually are obtained in a sample.
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Correct Answer:
Units of observation
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_____ is the level of social life on which a research question is focused, such as individuals.
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Correct Answer:
Units of analysis
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Is true experiment experiment in which subjects are assigned randomly to an experimental group that receives a treatment or other manipulation of the independent variable and a comparison group that does not receive the treatment or receives some other manipulation. Outcomes are measured in a posttest?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a criterion for establishing a causal relation between two variables; the variation in the independent variable must come before variation in the dependent variable.
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Correct Answer:
Time order
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_____ is defined as problems caused by panel members growing weary of repeated interviews and dropping out of a study or becoming so used to answering the standard questions in the survey that they start giving stock or thoughtless answers.
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Correct Answer:
Subject fatigue
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_____ is a technique used in nonexperimental research to reduce the risk of spuriousness. One variable is held constant so the relationship between two or more other variables can be assessed without the influence of variation in the control variable.
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Correct Answer:
Statistical control
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Is spurious relationship a relationship between two variables that is due to variation in a third variable?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a type of longitudinal study in which data are collected at two or more points in time from different samples of the same population.
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_____ is a procedure by which each experimental and control group subject is placed in a group randomly.
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Correct Answer:
Random assignment
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Is nonspuriousness a relationship that exists between two variables that is not due to variation in a third variable?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a type of causal explanation involving the belief that variation in an independent variable will be followed by variation in the dependent variable, when all other things are equal.
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Correct Answer:
Nomothetic causal explanation
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_____ is defined as a discernible process that creates a causal connection between two variables.
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Correct Answer:
Mechanism
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_____ is a study in which data are collected that can be ordered in time; also defined as research in which data are collected at two or more points in time.
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Correct Answer:
Longitudinal research design
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Is life calendar an instrument that helps respondents recall events in their past by displaying each month of a given year alongside key dates noted within the calendar, such as birthdays, arrests, holidays, anniversaries, and so on?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as variables that are influenced by an independent variable and, in turn, influence variation in a dependent variable, thus helping to explain the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Intervening variables
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_____ is defined as an explanation that identifies the concrete, individual sequence of events, thoughts, or actions that resulted in a particular outcome for a particular individual or that led to a particular event; may be termed an individualist or historicist explanation.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Idiographic causal explanation
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_____ is a type of longitudinal study in which data are collected from the same individuals—the panel—at two or more points in time. In another type of panel design, panel members who leave are replaced with new members.
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Is extraneous variable a variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables so as to create a spurious association between them that disappears when the extraneous variable is controlled?
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Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as in an experiment, the group of subjects that receives the treatment or experimental manipulation.
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Correct Answer:
Experimental group
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_____ is defined as a type of longitudinal study in which data are collected at two or more points in time from individuals in a cohort.
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Correct Answer:
Event‑based design (cohort study)
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_____ is an error in reasoning in which incorrect conclusions about individual-level processes are drawn from group-level data.
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Correct Answer:
Ecological fallacy
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Is cross‑sectional research design a study in which data are collected at only one point in time?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as the outcome that would have occurred if the subjects who were exposed to the treatment actually were not exposed but otherwise had had identical experiences to those they underwent during the experiment.
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Correct Answer:
Counterfactual
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_____ is defined as the group of subjects who are either exposed to a different treatment than the experimental group or who receive no treatment at all.
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Correct Answer:
Control or comparison group
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_____ is relationships between variables that vary between geographic units or other contexts.
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Correct Answer:
Contextual effect
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Is context a focus of causal explanation; a particular outcome is understood as part of a larger set of interrelated circumstances?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as latin term meaning all other things being equal.
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Correct Answer:
Ceteris paribus
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_____ is defined as when a series of concrete events, thoughts, or actions result in a particular event or individual outcome.
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_____ is a criterion for establishing a causal relationship between two variables: Variation in one variable is related to variation in another variable as a condition to determine causality.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Association
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Is arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) a U.S. monitoring program that uses standardized drug-testing methodologies and predictive models to measure the consequences of drug abuse within each state and across state boundaries?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as key dates of important events, such as birthdays, that help trigger recall for respondents.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Anchors
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An ecological fallacy is an error in reasoning in which incorrect conclusions about individual-level processes are drawn from group-level data.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Units of analysis are always individuals.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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All individuals born in 1990 would represent a cohort.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Attrition is a known problem in cross-sectional research.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Repeated cross-sectional designs are also referred to as trend studies.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Longitudinal research designs involve the collection of data at two or more points in time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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A defining feature of quasi-experimental designs is random assignment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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In a true experiment, outcomes are measured in a prettest.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Contextual effects are reported when the relationship among variables are different across geographical contexts.
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Correct Answer:
True
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When a third variable is responsible for the association between an independent variable and the dependent variable, the relationship between the independent and dependent variable is considered spurious.
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Correct Answer:
True
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In order to establish appropriate time order, the researcher must demonstrate that the variation in the dependent variable occurred prior to the variation in the independent variable.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Empirical association, appropriate time order, and nonspuriousness are the conditions necessary for determining causality.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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A nomothetic causal explantion is often also termed an individualist or a historicist explanation.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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The conterfactual refers to the situation as it would have been in the absence of variation in the independent variable.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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An idiographic causal explantion is one involving the belief that variation in an independent variable will be followed by variation in the dependent variable.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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