1. The following are generally accepted rules for email messages except ____.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Always forward new information about viruses and hoaxes
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2. Qualities of groups that are external to individual members yet constrain their thinking and behavior is called Social ____
Answer
Correct Answer:
Facts
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3. The perspective that behaviors get codified as illegal because there is general agreement among members of society that the behavior is morally wrong is called normative consensus
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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4. Crimes that have effects across national borders are called ________ Crimes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Transnational
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5. Violence perpetrated for political reasons by subnational groups or secret state agents, often directed at noncombatant targets and usually intended to influence an audience is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Terrorism
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6. A theory of crime that posits individuals commit crimes because of the strains caused by the imbalance between socially accepted goals and the individuals’ inadequate means to achieve those goals is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Strain Theory
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7. All individuals who have an interest in and are affected by the workings of a given system; in the criminal justice system, stakeholders include those accused of crimes as well as those who process cases, such as police, attorneys, and court and correctional staff is called Stakeholders
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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8. A law or policy written to stop those who break laws from offending again is called Specific Deterrence
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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9. Problem-solving courts set up within local district courts to deal with social problems affecting the surrounding communities is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Specialized Courts
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10. Social Disorganization theory explains that links crime rates to neighborhood ecological characteristics: poverty, residential mobility, and racial heterogeneity
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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11. A theory of crime that assumes all people are capable of committing crimes and that some are stopped by their strong bonds to society is called
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Correct Answer:
Social Control Theory
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12. A set of standards created to establish consistent sentencing practices within a jurisdiction is called Sentencing Guidelines
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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13. Secondary Deviance describes the Engagement in more serious forms of crime after individuals have been labeled and treated as criminals
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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14. Routine Activity Theory explains the theory that proposes that crime occurs when three things converge in space and time: a motivated offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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15. Punishment that serves no purpose except to punish and communicate to the wrongdoer that his or her behavior is not tolerated is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retribution
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16. A goal of punishment that seeks to restore the offender to a more law-abiding life, free of the encumbrances that may have caused him or her to commit a crime is called rehabilitation
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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17. The habit of reoffending is called
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Correct Answer:
Recidivism
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18. Rational Choice Theory explains A theory of crime that says humans are reasoning actors who weigh costs and benefits and make rational choices to commit crimes
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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19. Publicly appointed lawyers are called
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Correct Answer:
Public Defenders
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20. In Marxist theory, the working class, which is at odds with the bourgeoisie is called proletariat
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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21. An alternative to incarceration that offers an individual freedom if he or she can abide by the law and comply with the terms and conditions mandated by the court is called
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Correct Answer:
Probation
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22. Engagement in low-level offending, like speeding or experimenting with alcohol is called primary deviance
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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23. Presumption of Innocence explains The principle that a criminal defendant is innocent until proven guilty, placing the burden on the government to establish proof of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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24. The system, principle, or practice of managing or governing individuals in the manner of a father dealing with his children is called paternalism
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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25. The release, under supervision, of a convicted criminal defendant after he or she has completed part of his or her sentence, based on the concept that the defendant will follow the law and become a part of society is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Parole
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26. Normative Conflict explains The perspective that views the creation of laws as a means for those in power to maintain their position in society
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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27. The legal process issues that arise during court proceedings and that are in the exclusive jurisdiction of a judge to resolve is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Matters of Law
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28. Marxist Criminology describes a A view based on the writings of Karl Marx that sees the law as the mechanism by which the ruling class keeps the members of the surplus population in their disadvantaged position
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Correct Answer:
True
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29. Acts that may not be inherently evil but are viewed as wrong because they are defined as illegal by those in power is called Mala Prohibita Crimes
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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30. Crimes that violate the moral conscience and are thought of as inherently wrong is called Mala in Se Crimes
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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31. Theories that emphasize how the application of sanctions can lead to a deviant stigma applied by others, which in turn affects one’s identity and subsequent delinquency is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Labeling Theories
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32. Sentencing for convicted offenders in which the length of incarceration is undetermined is called _______ sentencing
Answer
Correct Answer:
Indeterminate
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33. Incapacitation explains the Loss of liberty due to incarceration
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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34. A method employed by police departments to track the ordered spatial patterns of crime by monitoring when crimes occur disproportionately in particular geographic areas and responding to those areas is called Hot Spots Policing
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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35. A rule that states that, in any single crime event, police agencies report only the most serious crime committed is called ________ rule
Answer
Correct Answer:
Hierarchy
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36. A law or policy written to stop a person from committing a crime in the _______ place is called general deterrence.
Answer
Correct Answer:
First
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37. A theory of crime that includes ________ in its analysis is called feminist criminology
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Correct Answer:
Gender
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38. Differential Association explains A theory of crime that asserts that all behavior is learned, both criminal and noncriminal
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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39. Deterrence explains a purpose of _______that sets out to prevent rational people from committing crimes
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Correct Answer:
Punishment
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40. A sentence for a fixed period that is determined by statute is called determinate sentencing
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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41. Decentralization of Power describes the distribution of functions and responsibilities of police officers to different local authorities
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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42. The amount of unreported crime is called the dark figure of ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Crime
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43. Courtroom Workgroup expalins the informal and working relationships between the prosecutor, defense attorney, and judicial officer
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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44. The illegal activities of large business organizations and the top executives and managers acting on their behalf is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Corporate Crime
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45. The number of arrests divided by the total number of reported crimes is called _______ rates.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Clearance
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46. The theory that maintaining an _______ environment in an orderly manner will deter both low-level and serious offending is called broken windows theory
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Correct Answer:
Urban
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47. Bourgeoisie Legality theory that members of the upper class make the laws to serve and protect their own interests to the detriment of the lower class
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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48. In Marxist theory, the wealthy class that owns and controls the means of production and is at odds with the ______ class is called bourgeoisie.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Lower
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49. Bounded Rationality explains the idea that an individual’s thought processes are deemed to be rational even when they are constrained by low intelligence, chemical dependence, or mental illness
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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50. Legal defenses in which new facts or sets of facts operate to defeat claims even if the facts supporting the claims are true is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Affirmative Defenses
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51. The process in which a final judicial decision or sentence is made in a criminal case is called
Answer
Correct Answer:
Adjudication
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52. The majority of men and women sentenced under mandatory sentencing laws are nonviolent, low-level drug offenders.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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53. Property crimes make up about three fourths of all crime in the United States.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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54. Male, African Americans are responsible for more violent acts than any other group.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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55. Why is the Prison Litigation Reform Act controversial?
Answer
Correct Answer:
It has made it impossible for prisoners with valid complaints to be hear
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56. As of December 2014, the __________ had exonerated 325 individuals.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Innocence Project
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57. Researchers suggests that police administrators prefer which police strategy for the delivery of services?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Community oriented policing
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58. Who is the head of the federal criminal justice system?
Answer
Correct Answer:
The Attorney General of the United States
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59. Studies indicate that the strongest and most consistent predictors of attitudes toward the police are personal experience with racial profiling and
Answer
Correct Answer:
Race.
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60. Compared to females, males are more likely to be victimized by a(n)
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stranger.
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61. What are the two categories of crimes reported by the UCR?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Index and nonindex crimes
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62. The often-cited problem with both the UCR and the NIBRS is that
Answer
Correct Answer:
The data only reflect reported crimes.
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63. The liberation approach is to the __________ perspective as strain theory is to the __________ perspective.
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Correct Answer:
Feminist; conflict
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64. Which sociological concept is fundamental to Merton's strain theory?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Anomie
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65. Which of the following is a critical difference between sociological theories of crime and psychological theories of crime?
Answer
Correct Answer:
They fail to explain why crime rates vary between urban and rural areas, different neighborhoods, or social or economic groups.
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66. Bob was convicted of first-degree murder. Bob has committed a (n)
Answer
Correct Answer:
Felony.
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