Quasi-experiments differ from experiments because they ______.
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Use preexisting groups rather than randomly assigning participants to groups
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If tobt = –1.98 and tcrit = 2.16 for p < .05, there is a probability of a ______.
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Type II error
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In order to compute the standard error of the differences between means (SDX–X), we first compute ______.
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The pooled variance of our two standard deviations
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The value of F will ______.
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Correct Answer:
Always be positive
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Ben is researching the effect of sleep deprivation on test scores. He finds a significant effect and computes the effect size of rpb2 = .15. This can be interpreted as meaning ______.
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Sleep deviation has a moderate effect on test scores
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Steps we can take to maximize the internal validity of a simple experiment include ______.
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Eliminate all possible confounds by making the experience identical for all participants except for the level of the IV that they experience
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When a one-way ANOVA is significant, you must then determine how each group differs from every other group by computing ______.
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Post hoc tests
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One advantage of conducting a multiple independent-groups design over multiple simple experiments is ______.
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Decreasing the probability of a Type I error
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Between-groups variance is comprised of ______.
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Variance created by the IV and error variance from participant differences
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If tobt = –3.98 and tcrit = 2.16 for p < .01, we would ______.
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Reject the null hypothesis
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The variability among the scores of participants created by individual or participant differences even under the same conditions is called within group variance
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Correct Answer:
True
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Tukey's honestly significant difference test is a popular post hoc test that is more conservative than most tests; it must be used with equal n and computes the least significant difference that is significant between means
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Correct Answer:
True
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The sum of the squared deviations of each participant from the mean of their group is sum of square within group
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True
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Sum of squares ____ groups is the sum of the squared deviations of treatment group means from the mean for the entire sample.
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Between
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The average variability in a sampling dis-tribution of differences between means is called standard error of difference between the ____
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Correct Answer:
Mean
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Squared point biserial correlation is measure of effect size for the independent-samples t test, provid-ing the percentage of variance in the outcome (or DV) accounted for by the predictor (or IV).
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Correct Answer:
True
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Simple experiment is a study investigating the effect of a manipulated ____ with two conditions on a DV.
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IV
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The variable that is used to predict the value of another variable, and a term used instead of IV in a correlational design is called
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Predictor variable
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Post hoc test is a additional analysis when you find statistically significant results when comparing ___ groups
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Three or more
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Estimate of the total variance for a sample of scores computed by combining and weighting by their respective n the variances of the two groups mak-ing up the sample is pooled variance
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True
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The variable that is predicted, and a term used instead of DV in a correlational design is called
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Outcome
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One way analysis of variance is the inferential statistical test used to analyze data from a multiple-groups design.
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Correct Answer:
True
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Multiple independent group design is exam-ining the effect of a manipulated IV or the relationship of a variable that has three or more levels on a DV
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Correct Answer:
True
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Mean square ____ groups is the average devi-ation within all groups or levels of a study
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Within
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Mean square difference ____ groups is the average deviation of group means from the total mean of a sample
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Between
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Levene's test for equality of variance is a statistical test that examines whether the variability within different samples is similar.
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Correct Answer:
True
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The inferential statistic used to test differences between means in a study with two independent groups is independent sample t test
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Correct Answer:
True
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Assumption that the vari-ance of populations is the same; group standard deviations serve as estimates of the population variances is ___ of variance
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Homogeneity
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Fisher's least significant difference test is a commonly used post hoc test that computes the small-est amount that group means can differ in order to be significant.
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Correct Answer:
True
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The percentage of variability in a measured variable which is accounted for by the grouping variable is called
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Eta squared
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An estimation of the range of val-ues within which the scores will fall (margin of error) is called
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Correct Answer:
Confidence interval
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A measure of effect size; describes the mag-nitude of the effect of our IV (or predictor) on the DV (or outcome) in standard deviation units is called cohen's
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Correct Answer:
D
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Variability in scores created by the different levels of the ____researchers attempt to maximize this variability in between groups variance.
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Correct Answer:
IV
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