Diverse Society MCQ Questions Answers

1. ____ intercept is the point where the regression line crosses the Y-axis and where X = 0.

2. Standardized slope coefficient is the slope The slope between the dependent variable and a specific independent variable when all scores are standardized or expressed as ___scores

3. The amount of change in a dependent variable per unit change in an independent variable is called

4. ___ diagram is a visual method used to display a relationship between two interval-ratio variables.

5. Residual sum of squares is sum of squared differences between observed and predicted ____

6. Regression sum of squares reflects the improvement in the prediction error resulting from using the linear prediction equation, SST (sum of squared total) − SSE (residual sum of squares).

7. A linear prediction model using one or more independent variables to predict the values of a dependent variable is called

8. Pearsons multiple correlation coefficient is the measure of the ___relationship between the independent variable and the combined effect of two or more independent variables.

9. The square root of r2; it is a measure of association for interval-ratio variables, reflecting the strength and direction of the linear association between two interval-ratio variables is pearson correlation Coefficient

10. The amount of change in Y for a unit change in a specific independent variable while controlling for the other independent variable(s) is ___ slopes

11. _____ regression model that examines the effects of several independent variables on the values of one dependent variable.

12. Multiple coefficient of determination is measure that reflects the proportion of the total variation in the dependent variable that is explained jointly by two or more independent variables.

13. ____ square residual is an average computed by dividing the residual sum of squares (SSE) by its corresponding degrees of freedom.

14. Mean square ____ is an average computed by dividing the regression sum of squares (SSR) by its corresponding degrees of freedom.

15. ___ relationship between two interval-ratio variables in which the observations displayed in a scatter diagram can be approximated with a straight line.

16. The technique that produces the least squares line is least square method

17. ____ square line is where the residual sum of squares, or Σe2, is at a minimum.

18. A relationship between two interval-ratio variables in which all the observations (the dots) fall along a straight line is deterministic linear relationship

19. A measure of association used to determine the existence and strength of the relationship between interval-ratio variables is called

20. A PRE measure reflecting the proportional reduction of error that results from using the linear regression is coefficient of determination

21. ____ regression is a regression model that examines the effect of one independent variable on the values of a dependent variable.

22. Sum of squared deviations within each group, calculated between each individual score and the sample mean is within group sum of squares

23. Total sum of squares is the total variation in scores, calculated by adding SSB (between-group sum of squares) and SSW (within-group sum of squares).

24. Analysis of variance application with one dependent variable and one independent variable is ___ way anova

25. Sum of squares within divided by its corresponding degrees of freedom is mean square within

26. Sum of squares between divided by its corresponding degrees of freedom is mean square between

27. The test statistic for ANOVA, calculated by the ratio of mean square to mean square within is called

28. The F-test statistic that is calculated is ___ obtained

29. F-test statistic that corresponds to the alpha level, dfw, and dfb is known as

30. The sum of squared deviations between each sample mean to the overall mean score is between group sum of squares

31. An inferential statistics technique designed to test for the significant relationship between two variables in two or more groups or samples is analysis of _____

32. Symmetrical measure of association whose value will be the same when either variable is considered the independent variable or the dependent variable.

33. The absence of association between two cross-tabulated variables is statistical independence

34. A measure that tells us how much we can improve predicting the value of a dependent variable based on information about an independent variable is proportional reduction of error

35. ____ relationship is a bivariate relationship between two variables measured at the ordinal level or higher in which the variables vary in the same direction.

36. The cell frequencies actually observed in a bivariate table is ___ frequencies

37. ____ relationship is a bivariate relationship between two variables measured at the ordinal level or higher in which the variables vary in opposite directions.

38. A single summarizing number that reflects the strength of a relationship, indicates the usefulness of predicting the dependent variable from the independent variable, and often shows the direction of the relationship is measure of association

39. An asymmetrical measure of association, lambda is suitable for use with nominal variables and may range from 0.0 to 1.0 is called

40. A symmetrical measure of association suitable for use with ordinal variables is kendall's tau b

41. ____ is symmetrical measure of association suitable for use with ordinal variables or with dichotomous nominal variables

42. The cell frequencies that would be expected in a bivariate table if the two variables were statistically independent is expected frequencies

43. Elaboration is a process designed to further explore a bivariate relationship; it involves the introduction of control variables.

44. Cramer's V chi-square-related measure of association for nominal variables. Cramer’s V is based on the value of chi-square and ranges between 0 and 1

45. An additional variable considered in a bivariate relationship. The variable is controlled for when we take into account its effect on the variables in the bivariate relationship is control variable

46. An inferential technique designed to test for a significant relationship between two variables organized in a bivariate table is chi square test

47. The test statistic that summarizes the differences between the observed (fo) and the expected (fe) frequencies in a bivariate table is chi square

48. Asymmetrical measure of measure of association whose value may vary depending on which variable is considered the independent variable and which the dependent variable.

49. Spurious relationship in which both the independent and dependent variables are influenced by a causally prior-control variable, and there is no causal link between them.

50. ___ variable is variable whose categories are the rows of a bivariate table.

51. A bivariate relationship between two variables measured at the ordinal level or higher in which the variables vary in opposite directions is positive relationship

52. Bivariate tables that display the relationship between the independent and dependent variables while controlling for a third variable is partial tables

53. The relationship between the independent and dependent variables shown in a partial table is partial relationship

54. A bivariate relationship between two variables measured at the ordinal level or higher in which the variables vary in opposite directions is negative relationship

55. The row and column totals in a bivariate table is called marginals

56. ____ variable is a control variable that follows an independent variable but precedes the dependent variable in a causal sequence.

57. A relationship in which the control variable intervenes between the independent and dependent variables is ____ relationship

58. Elaboration is a process designed to further explore a bivariate relationship; it involves the introduction of control variables.

59. A bivariate relationship that cannot be accounted for by other theoretically relevant variables is direct causal relationship

60. Cross tabulation is a technique for analyzing the relationship between ____ variables that have been organized in a table.

61. An additional variable considered in a bivariate relationship. The variable is controlled for when we take into account its effect on the variables in the bivariate relationship is ____ variable

62. A relationship in which the control variable’s effect on the dependent variable is conditional on its interaction with the independent variable is _____ variable

63. ____ variable whose categories are the columns of a bivariate table.

64. The intersection of a row and a column in a bivariate table is called

65. _____ table that displays the distribution of one variable across the categories of another variable

66. Bivariate analysis is a statistical method designed to detect and describe the relationship between ____ variables.

67. ____ statistics is the test statistic computed by converting a sample statistic (such as the mean) to a Z score. The formula for obtaining Z varies from test to test.

68. The probability associated with failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is false is type ___ error.

69. The probability associated with rejecting a null hypothesis when it is true is type ____ error

70. A type of hypothesis test that involves a non directional research hypothesis is ____ tailed test

71. The test statistic computed to test the null hypothesis about a population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown and is estimated using the sample standard deviation is t statistics

72. A family of curves, each determined by its degrees of freedom (df) is t distribution

73. Statistical hypothesis testing is a procedure that allows us to evaluate hypotheses about population parameters based on sample statistics.

74. Sampling distribution of difference between means is a theoretical probability distribution that would be obtained by calculating all the possible mean differences (Ȳ1-Ȳ2) that would be obtained by drawing all the possible independent random samples of size N1 and N2 from two populations where N1 and N2 are each greater than 50.

75. A one-tailed test in which the sample outcome is hypothesized to be at the right tail of the sampling distribution is right tailed test

76. A statement reflecting the substantive hypothesis. It is always expressed in terms of population parameters, but its specific form varies from test to test is ____ hypothesis

77. P value is the probability associated with the obtained value of Z.

78. A type of hypothesis test that involves a directional hypothesis. It specifies that the values of one group are either larger or smaller than some specified population value is ___ tailed test

79. A statement of “no difference,” which contradicts the research hypothesis and is always expressed in terms of population parameters is ____ hypothesis

80. A one-tailed test in which the sample outcome is hypothesized to be at the left tail of the sampling distribution is left tailed test

81. The number of scores that are free to vary in calculating a statistic is degrees of freedom

82. The level of probability at which the null hypothesis is rejected. It is customary to set alpha at the .05, .01, or .001 level is called

83. A sample statistic used to estimate the exact value of a population parameter is point estimate

84. The radius of a confidence interval is margin of error

85. A process whereby we select a random sample from a population and use a sample statistic to estimate a population parameter is called

86. The likelihood, expressed as a percentage or a probability, that a specified interval will contain the population parameter is known as

87. _____ range of values defined by the confidence level within which the population parameter is estimated to fall.

88. A specific measure used to describe the sample distribution is called

89. The standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the mean. It describes how much dispersion there is in the sampling distribution of the mean is standard error of mean

90. Simple random sample designed in such a way as to ensure that (a) every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen and (b) every combination of N members has an equal chance of being chosen.

91. The discrepancy between a sample estimate of a population parameter and the real population parameter is known as sampling error

92. A theoretical probability distribution of sample means that would be obtained by drawing from the population all possible samples of the same size is sampling distribution of mean

93. The sampling distribution is a theoretical probability distribution of all possible sample values for the statistics in which we are interested is called

94. A method of sampling that enables the researcher to specify for each case in the population the probability of its inclusion in the sample is called

95. A quantitative measure that a particular event will occur is called

96. A measure (e.g., mean or standard deviation) used to describe the population distribution is called

97. If all possible random samples of size N are drawn from a population with a mean μY and a standard deviation, σY then as N becomes larger, the sampling distribution of sample means becomes approximately normal, with mean μȲ and standard deviation, σȲ=σY/N is central limit theorem

98. The number of standard deviations that a given raw score is above or below the mean is standard score

99. A table showing the area (as a proportion, which can be translated into a percentage) under the standard normal curve corresponding to any Z score or its fraction is standard normal table

100. A normal distribution represented in standard (Z) scores is standard normal distribution