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Applied Structural Design MCQ

1. What is the unbraced length of a member?

Length of a member not supported by a brace.

Distance between braced points of a member, measured between the centers of gravity of the bracing members.

The length of a member in compression.

The length of a member in tension.

Answer

Correct Answer: Distance between braced points of a member, measured between the centers of gravity of the bracing members.

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2. What is the meaning of "ultimate strength?"

The ability of a material to slide past one another

The point where a material will no longer return to its original shape after being bent

The resistance of a material to changes in shape when force is applied

The utmost strength reached by a material before breaking

Answer

Correct Answer: The utmost strength reached by a material before breaking

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3. What does a truss support?

A round support system

A triangular support system

A linear support system

A square support system

Answer

Correct Answer: A linear support system

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4. What is the web stiffener oriented perpendicular to?

The pour stop

The load

The beams

The flanges

Answer

Correct Answer: The flanges

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5. What is the purpose of transverse reinforcement?

To provide support for the load-bearing capacity of the column.

To provide confinement for the concrete surrounding the steel shape core in an encased concrete composite column.

To increase the overall strength of the column.

To improve the fire resistance of the column.

Answer

Correct Answer: To provide confinement for the concrete surrounding the steel shape core in an encased concrete composite column.

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6. What does linear translation mean?

The process of transforming something so that it is better suited to a different purpose

The moving of an object from one place to another

Motion of an object along a straight line path without rotation

A type ofscalar multiplication

Answer

Correct Answer: Motion of an object along a straight line path without rotation

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7. What is torsional yielding?

Yielding that occurs due to tension.

Yielding that occurs due to torsion.

Yielding that occurs due to compression.

Yielding that occurs due to shear.

Answer

Correct Answer: Yielding that occurs due to torsion.

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8. What is Torsional buckling?

A type of metal fatigue

Buckling mode in which a compression member twists about its shear center axis.

When a rope is wrapped around an object

A process of hardening steel

Answer

Correct Answer: Buckling mode in which a compression member twists about its shear center axis.

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9. What type of bracing is used to resist the twist of a beam or column?

Diagonal bracing

Torsional bracing

Longitudinal bracing

Shear bracing

Answer

Correct Answer: Torsional bracing

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10. What is torsion?

A thrust.

A shearing force.

A twisting moment.

A bending moment.

Answer

Correct Answer: A twisting moment.

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11. What is the limit state of rupture in a bolt due to simultaneous tension and shear force called?

Shear fracture

Tension fracture

Tension and shear rupture

Tension and shear stress

Answer

Correct Answer: Tension and shear rupture

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12. What is the limit state of rupture in a bolt caused by?

Only Tension

Tension and shear force

Only Shear force

Neither tension nor Shear force

Answer

Correct Answer: Tension and shear force

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13. Tension is a force that does what?

Tends to elongate or enlarge an object

Is always equal to the applied force

Tends to deform an object

Tends to shorten or compress an object

Answer

Correct Answer: Tends to elongate or enlarge an object

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14. What does tension tend to do to an object?

Shorten

Compress

Elongate or enlarge

Contract

Answer

Correct Answer: Elongate or enlarge

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15. What is Tensile Yielding?

Yielding that occurs due to tension.

Yielding that occurs due to compression.

Yielding that occurs due to shear.

Yielding that occurs due to torsion.

Answer

Correct Answer: Yielding that occurs due to tension.

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16. What is the maximum tension force that a member is capable of sustaining called?

Compressive strength

Shear strength

Yield strength

Tensile strength

Answer

Correct Answer: Tensile strength

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17. What is the maximum tensile stress that a material is capable of sustaining according to the ASTM?

Hardness

Tensile strength

Compressive strength

Young's modulus

Answer

Correct Answer: Tensile strength

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18. What is the tensile rupture?

Maximum energy which can be absorbed by a material before fracture

Limit state of compression (fracture) due to tension.

Limit state of fracture due to compression.

Limit state of rupture (fracture) due to tension.

Answer

Correct Answer: Limit state of rupture (fracture) due to tension.

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19. What is the main member in a T-connection?

The member to which the branch is connected

The branch member

The member that is balanced by shear

Perpendicular member

Answer

Correct Answer: The member to which the branch is connected

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20. What provides interaction or interdependence in a Structural System?

The manufacturer

The load-carrying components

The environment

The user

Answer

Correct Answer: The load-carrying components

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21. What is another name for a "connecting element"?

Structure

Assemblage

Component

Member

Answer

Correct Answer: Assemblage

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22. What is the main purpose of structural analysis?

Determination of member and connection dimensions.

Determination of structural loads.

Determination of material properties.

Determination of load effects on members and connections.

Answer

Correct Answer: Determination of load effects on members and connections.

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23. What is the strong axis?

The second moment of area about the minor principal axis.

The angle between the longitudinal axis and the plane

Major principal centroidal axis of a cross section.

A measure of the central tendency of a set of data

Answer

Correct Answer: Major principal centroidal axis of a cross section.

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24. What is structural steel?

A type of glass

An alloy of iron and carbon

A mixture of two or more metals

Elements manufactured of steel with properties designated by ASTM standards, including A36, A992 & A572.

Answer

Correct Answer: Elements manufactured of steel with properties designated by ASTM standards, including A36, A992 & A572.

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25. What is the modulus of elasticity for aluminum?

Equal to

Lower

Dependent on the manufacturer

Higher

Answer

Correct Answer: Lower

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26. What does "structure" refer to?

Composition of elements that define form and resist applied loads.

A building or other man-made object

The study of how organisms are put together.

The arrangement of particles in a substance

Answer

Correct Answer: Composition of elements that define form and resist applied loads.

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27. What is the definition of stress?

The internal reaction to an applied force, measured in force per unit area.

The internal reaction to an applied force, measured in force over unit area.

The internal reaction to an applied force, measured in area per unit force.

The external reaction to an applied force, measured in force per unit area.

Answer

Correct Answer: The internal reaction to an applied force, measured in force per unit area.

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28. What is a stress resultant?

A system of forces which is statically equivalent to a stress distribution over an volume.

A system of forces which is statically equivalent to a strain distribution over an area.

A system of forces which is statically equivalent to a stress distribution over an area.

A system of forces which is dynamically equivalent to a stress distribution over an area.

Answer

Correct Answer: A system of forces which is statically equivalent to a stress distribution over an area.

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29. What is the definition of stress concentration?

A state of mental or emotional strain or tension resulting from adverse or very demanding circumstances.

The mental and physical reactions experienced when an individual perceives a threat to his or her well-being.

Localized stress considerably higher than average due to abrupt changes in geometry or localized loading.

Answer

Correct Answer: Localized stress considerably higher than average due to abrupt changes in geometry or localized loading.

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30. What is Stress?

A measure of the amount of work done.

The act of putting force on an object.

The internal resistance that a material offers to deformation.

Force per unit area caused by axial force, moment, shear or torsion.

Answer

Correct Answer: Force per unit area caused by axial force, moment, shear or torsion.

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31. What is the ultimate load-carrying capacity?

Fracture limit state

Yield limit state

Strength limit state

Safety limit state

Answer

Correct Answer: Strength limit state

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32. What is the name of the design method being described?

Mechanism design

Efficiency design

Strength design

Equilibrium design

Answer

Correct Answer: Strength design

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33. What is the definition of strength?

The ability to run long distances.

The ability to climb mountains.

The ability to lift heavy objects.

The capacity of a material to resist breaking

Answer

Correct Answer: The capacity of a material to resist breaking

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34. Strain is calculated as ε = ?

ε = L

ΔL/L

L/ΔL

ε = ΔL

Answer

Correct Answer: ΔL/L

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35. What is the measured quantity of stiffness?

Amount of deformation

Ratio of the applied force (or moment) to the corresponding displacement (or rotation)

Corresponding displacement (or rotation)

Applied force (or moment)

Answer

Correct Answer: Ratio of the applied force (or moment) to the corresponding displacement (or rotation)

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36. What is the purpose of a stiffener?

To distribute load, transfer shear or prevent buckling.

To help pour concrete into a mold

To increase the strength of a structure

To support a beam

Answer

Correct Answer: To distribute load, transfer shear or prevent buckling.

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37. What is the name of the compression element with out-of-plane elements along both edges?

Pin-ended element

Built-up element

Attached element

Stiffened element

Answer

Correct Answer: Stiffened element

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38. What is the definition of stiffness?

The deformation of a material under load.

The ability of a material to absorb energy.

The capacity of a material to resist deformation.

The amount of force required to deform a material.

Answer

Correct Answer: The capacity of a material to resist deformation.

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39. What is the equilibrium of an object at rest called?

Translational equilibrium

Rotational equilibrium

Static equilibrium

Linear equilibrium

Answer

Correct Answer: Static equilibrium

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40. What does stability refer to in terms of a structure?

When the structure can no longer support a load

When the structure is no longer symmetrical

Condition reached when a slight disturbance does not produce large displacements

When the structure is no longer straight

Answer

Correct Answer: Condition reached when a slight disturbance does not produce large displacements

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41. What is the meaning of "Splice"?

Connection between two structural elements joined at their ends to form a single, longer element.

A device used to raise or lower something

A device used to make electrical connections

A device used to secure something in place

Answer

Correct Answer: Connection between two structural elements joined at their ends to form a single, longer element.

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42. What is a slot weld?

Weld made in an elongated hole

Weld made in a hole

Weld made in an elongated hole fusing an element to another element

Answer

Correct Answer: Weld made in an elongated hole fusing an element to another element

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43. What is the purpose of a slip-critical connection?

To allow movement by friction on the faying surface of the connection under the clamping forces of the bolts.

To resist movement by friction on the faying surface of the connection under the clamping forces of the nuts.

To resist movement by friction on the faying surface of the connection under the clamping forces of the bolts.

To resist movement by friction on the faying surface of the connection under the clamping forces of the washers

Answer

Correct Answer: To resist movement by friction on the faying surface of the connection under the clamping forces of the bolts.

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44. What is the limit state of relative motion of connected parts in a bolted connection called?

Tension

Compression

Slip

Torsion

Answer

Correct Answer: Slip

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45. What is the out-of-plane shear strength of the chord wall?

It is the shear strength of the branch members.

It is the shear strength of the chord wall to which branch members are attached.

It is the shear strength of the chord wall to which branch members are not attached.

It is the shear strength of the chord wall.

Answer

Correct Answer: It is the shear strength of the chord wall to which branch members are attached.

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46. What is shear yielding?

Yielding that occurs due to shear.

Yielding that occurs due to torsion.

Yielding that occurs due to compression.

Yielding that occurs due to tension.

Answer

Correct Answer: Yielding that occurs due to shear.

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47. What does a shear wall provide resistance to?

Lateral loads

Torsional loads

Vertical loads

Compressive loads

Answer

Correct Answer: Lateral loads

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48. What is shear stress?

Stress acting parallel to an imaginary plane cut through an object.

A measure of the force required to move an object.

A measure of the amount of deformation of an object when acted upon by a force.

Stress perpendicular to an imaginary plane cut through an object.

Answer

Correct Answer: Stress acting parallel to an imaginary plane cut through an object.

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49. What is the formula for shear strain?

The change in angle of a small square part of a material.

The change in size of a small square part of a material.

The change in length of a small square part of a material.

The change in width of a small square part of a material.

Answer

Correct Answer: The change in angle of a small square part of a material.

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50. What is the shear modulus?

The ratio of shear deformation to shear strain in a linear elastic material.

The ratio of shear stress to shear strain in a nonlinear elastic material.

The ratio of shear stress divided by the shear strain in a linear elastic material.

The ratio of shear stress to shear deformation in a linear elastic material.

Answer

Correct Answer: The ratio of shear stress divided by the shear strain in a linear elastic material.

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51. What is the limit state of reaching the strength of a shear connector?

The connector bearing against the concrete in the slab or by the tensile strength of the connector.

The connector breaking

The connector not being able to hold anything

The connector being too weak

Answer

Correct Answer: The connector bearing against the concrete in the slab or by the tensile strength of the connector.

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52. What is a Shear?

A force that only pushes

A sliding force, pushing and pulling in opposite directions.

A cutting force, pushing and pulling in opposite directions.

A force that only pulls

Answer

Correct Answer: A sliding force, pushing and pulling in opposite directions.

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53. What is service load?

Load under which serviceability limit states are evaluated.

The maximum number of users that can be connected to a server at any given time.

A software as a service delivery model

Answer

Correct Answer: Load under which serviceability limit states are evaluated.

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54. What is service load combination?

Load combination under which serviceability limit states are evaluated.

The amount of stress that a material can withstand before it fractures

A measure of how much deformation a material can withstand before it breaks

A measure of the strength of a material

Answer

Correct Answer: Load combination under which serviceability limit states are evaluated.

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55. What does 'rupture strength' refer to in a connection?

Strength limited by tension or shear rupture.

The stress at which the material will fracture

Maximum force the connection can withstand before failure

The amount of deformation before failure

Answer

Correct Answer: Strength limited by tension or shear rupture.

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56. What does a roller support do?

It restrains two translation degrees of freedom

Restrains one translation degree of freedom.

It doesn't have any restraints

It has two dimensions

Answer

Correct Answer: Restrains one translation degree of freedom.

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57. What is a retaining wall used for?

To support a building

To protect against floods

To hold back soil or other materials.

For decoration

Answer

Correct Answer: To hold back soil or other materials.

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58. What is the resultant of a system of forces?

A single force or moment whose magnitude, direction, and location make it statically equivalent to the system of forces.

A force or moment that is less than the sum of the individual forces or moments.

A force or moment that is equal to the sum of the individual forces or moments.

A force or moment that is greater than the sum of the individual forces or moments.

Answer

Correct Answer: A single force or moment whose magnitude, direction, and location make it statically equivalent to the system of forces.

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59. What does resistance factor take into account for?

The amount of force applied

The type of material

The weight of the object

Deviations of the nominal strength from the actual strength

Answer

Correct Answer: Deviations of the nominal strength from the actual strength

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60. What does resilience refer to?

The ability of a material to resist deformation

The ability of a material to absorb energy without breaking

The ability of a material to resist fracture

The ability of a material to absorb energy without permanently deforming

Answer

Correct Answer: The ability of a material to absorb energy without permanently deforming

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61. What is the component of branch member force perpendicular to a chord?

Shear

Tension

Punching Load

Compression

Answer

Correct Answer: Punching Load

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62. What is a reaction?

A physical or chemical action or change that results from a stimulus

The way someone behaves when they are angry

The way someone reacts to something that happens

The response of a structure to resist applied load.

Answer

Correct Answer: The response of a structure to resist applied load.

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63. What is the P-δ effect?

Effect of loads acting on the deflected shape of a member between joints or nodes.

Member between joints

Loads acting on the deflected shape of a member

Deflected shape of a member between joints

Answer

Correct Answer: Effect of loads acting on the deflected shape of a member between joints or nodes.

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64. What is Punching Load?

Component of branch member force perpendicular to a chord.

Component of branch member force parallel to a chord.

The act of striking

A device used to lift or move heavy objects

Answer

Correct Answer: Component of branch member force perpendicular to a chord.

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65. What is the difference between stress and pressure?

Stress is acting on the surface of an object rather than within the object.

Stress is the force intensity at a point

Pressure is acting on the surface of an object rather than within the object.

Pressure is the force intensity at a point

Answer

Correct Answer: Pressure is acting on the surface of an object rather than within the object.

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66. What is post-buckling strength?

The maximum force that can be carried by a column without buckling.

The amount of deformation that occurs in a column after buckling has occurred.

Load or force that can be carried by an element, member, or frame after initial buckling has occurred.

The force required to cause buckling in a column.

Answer

Correct Answer: Load or force that can be carried by an element, member, or frame after initial buckling has occurred.

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67. What is a plug weld?

A device used to join two electrical circuits

A device used to stop a drain

A device used to join two pieces of metal

Weld made in a circular hole in one element of a joint fusing that element to another element.

Answer

Correct Answer: Weld made in a circular hole in one element of a joint fusing that element to another element.

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68. Plastic moment is synonymous with _______.

Theoretical resisting moment

Yield strength of a material

Shear strength of a material

Actual resisting moment

Answer

Correct Answer: Theoretical resisting moment

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69. What is a plastic hinge?

Yielded zone that forms in a structural member when the yield moment is attained.

Yielded zone that forms in a structural member when the elastic moment is attained.

Yielded zone that forms in a structural member when the plastic moment is attained.

Yielded zone that forms in a load-bearing member when the plastic moment is attained.

Answer

Correct Answer: Yielded zone that forms in a structural member when the plastic moment is attained.

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70. What does plastic analysis assume?

Equilibrium is satisfied throughout the structure

Complete destruction of the structure

Fracture of the structure

Yield stress is greater than the ultimate stress

Answer

Correct Answer: Equilibrium is satisfied throughout the structure

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71. Which of the following is not a property of plastic?

Material is not elastic

Material is elastic

Plastic deformation occurs when a material is under load

Plastic deformation is irreversible

Answer

Correct Answer: Material is not elastic

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72. What is the longitudinal center-to-center spacing of fasteners called?

Length

Diameter

Thread

Pitch

Answer

Correct Answer: Pitch

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73. What type of forces does a pin support resist?

Bending moment

Sheer

Torsion

Axial and shear

Answer

Correct Answer: Axial and shear

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74. What type of forces can a pin connection transfer?

Axial and bending

Axial and shear

Bending and torsion

Tension and compression

Answer

Correct Answer: Axial and shear

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75. What does "overturn" mean?

Turning something over

Lifting something up

Topping, or tipping over under lateral load.

Righting something that has been overturned

Answer

Correct Answer: Topping, or tipping over under lateral load.

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76. What is an overlap connection?

Connection in which intersecting branch members overlap.

The study of religion and its impact on society

A type of welding

A mathematical term

Answer

Correct Answer: Connection in which intersecting branch members overlap.

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77. What is normal stress?

Stress caused by a force perpendicular to the surface of an object

The internal force that opposes the applied force on an object

Stress that occurs when an object is stretched or compressed

Stress acting parallel to the axis of an object in compression and tension

Answer

Correct Answer: Stress acting parallel to the axis of an object in compression and tension

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78. Nominal strength is the strength of a structure to resist which of the following?

Impact load

Safety factor

Load effects

Resistance factor

Answer

Correct Answer: Load effects

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79. What is the nominal load?

The average load that the structure is allowed to support.

Magnitude of the load specified by the applicable building code.

The maximum load that the structure is allowed to support.

The minimum load that the structure is allowed to support.

Answer

Correct Answer: Magnitude of the load specified by the applicable building code.

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80. What is the nominal dimension?

Designated or theoretical dimension

Width

Length

Height

Answer

Correct Answer: Designated or theoretical dimension

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81. What does "net area" mean?

The original area before material is removed.

The area remaining after material is removed.

The amount of material removed.

The area of the material removed.

Answer

Correct Answer: The area remaining after material is removed.

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82. What does a moment frame provide resistance to?

Lateral loads

Combined loads

Torsional loads

Compressive loads

Answer

Correct Answer: Lateral loads

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83. What is a moment connection?

A device used to connect two pieces of material together

A mathematical concept used to calculate changes in momentum

Connection that transmits bending moment between connected members.

A unit of measurement for angles

Answer

Correct Answer: Connection that transmits bending moment between connected members.

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84. What is the moment of inertia?

The amount of time it takes for an object to reach its maximum velocity

The capacity of an object to resist bending or buckling

The amount of force required to change an object's velocity

The sum of all parts of an object times their distance from the centroid

Answer

Correct Answer: The capacity of an object to resist bending or buckling

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85. What is Moment?

A force causing translation without rotation; defined as force times lever arm.

A force causing translation; defined as force divided by lever arm.

A force causing rotation; defined as force divided by lever arm.

A force causing rotation without translation; defined as force times lever arm.

Answer

Correct Answer: A force causing rotation without translation; defined as force times lever arm.

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86. What is magnitude?

The scalar value of physical units divided by the vector value of physical units, such as force or displacement.

The vector value of physical units multiplied by the scalar value of physical units, such as force or displacement.

A vector value of physical units, such as force or displacement.

A scalar value of physical units, such as force or displacement.

Answer

Correct Answer: A scalar value of physical units, such as force or displacement.

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87. Modulus of elasticity is also known as:

Bulk modulus

Young's modulus

Tensile modulus

Hooke's law

Answer

Correct Answer: Young's modulus

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88. What is the Modulus of Elasticity?

The amount of energy required to deform a material

The proportional constant relating stress/strain of material in the linear elastic range

A measure of a material's resistance to deformation under load

The amount of energy stored in a material

Answer

Correct Answer: The proportional constant relating stress/strain of material in the linear elastic range

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89. What is the unit of Mass?

Yard

Mole

Pound

Kilogram

Answer

Correct Answer: Kilogram

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90. What is the Mass?

The property of an object to resist acceleration.

The object's weight.

The amount of matter in an object.

The amount of space an object takes up.

Answer

Correct Answer: The property of an object to resist acceleration.

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91. What is the main member of a truss?

The branch member

The column

The chord member

The connecting element

Answer

Correct Answer: The chord member

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92. What is the main member of a truss called?

Purlin member

Chord member

Brace member

Truss member

Answer

Correct Answer: Chord member

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93. What does LRFD stand for?

Load and Resistance Factor Design

Live Rotating Frame of Reference Design

Linear Regression of Future Data

Load Regulation of Flow Direction

Answer

Correct Answer: Load and Resistance Factor Design

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94. LRFD is a method of proportioning structural components such that the design strength _____

Is greater than the required strength of the component under the action of the LRFD load combinations

Equals the required strength of the component under the action of the LRFD load combinations

Equals or exceeds the required strength of the component under the action of the LRFD load combinations

Is less than the required strength of the component under the action of the LRFD load combinations

Answer

Correct Answer: Equals or exceeds the required strength of the component under the action of the LRFD load combinations

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95. What is Local Yielding?

Yielding that occurs in a local area of an element, but not in a non-local area.

Yielding that occurs in a local area of an element.

Yielding that occurs in a non-local area of an element.

Yielding that occurs in a global area of an element.

Answer

Correct Answer: Yielding that occurs in a local area of an element.

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96. What is the limit state of local failure of web plate in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated load or reaction called?

Flexural moment

Deflection

Stress

Local crippling

Answer

Correct Answer: Local crippling

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97. What is the limit state of buckling of a compression element within a cross section?

Euler buckling

Torsional buckling

Local buckling

Flexural buckling

Answer

Correct Answer: Local buckling

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98. What is Local Bending?

Limit state of large deformation of a flange under a concentrated tensile force.

Limit state of large deformation of a truss under a concentrated tensile force.

Limit state of small deformation of a truss under a concentrated tensile force.

Limit state of small deformation of a flange under a concentrated tensile force

Answer

Correct Answer: Limit state of large deformation of a flange under a concentrated tensile force.

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99. What is the load effect?

The ratio of the applied load to the deformed shape of the material

A measure of the amount of work done by a machine

Forces, stresses and deformations produced in a structural component by the applied loads.

A change in the size or shape of a body under the action of external forces.

Answer

Correct Answer: Forces, stresses and deformations produced in a structural component by the applied loads.

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100. What is the definition of "live load?"

Any load that is attached to the structure.

Any load that is permanently attached to the structure.

Any load that is not attached to the structure.

Any load not permanently attached to the structure.

Answer

Correct Answer: Any load not permanently attached to the structure.

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101. What is the force-displacement relationship which is both linear and elastic called?

Nonlinear Elastic

Linear Inelastic

Linear Elastic

Nonlinear Inelastic

Answer

Correct Answer: Linear Elastic

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102. What is the line of action?

The line of action defines the incline of a vector.

The line of action defines the location and incline of a vector.

The line of action defines the location of a vector.

There is no line of action for a vector.

Answer

Correct Answer: The line of action defines the location and incline of a vector.

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103. If a material has a linear deformation, then its deformation is ______________ to the loading.

Proportional

Inversely proportional

Not proportional

Directly proportional

Answer

Correct Answer: Directly proportional

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Construction Management Engineering MCQs | Topic-wise

MCQ on Advanced Construction Project Management	MCQ on Applied Probability Concepts in Civil Engineering
MCQ on Applied Structural Design	MCQ on Basic Construction Management Engineering
MCQ on Building Information Modeling (BIM)	MCQ on Business Calculus
MCQ on Business Finance	MCQ on Construction Contracting
MCQ on Construction Equipment	MCQ on Construction Financial Management
MCQ on Construction Leadership and Ethics	MCQ on Construction Materials and Methods
MCQ on Construction Plan Reading	MCQ on Construction Productivity
MCQ on Construction Project Delivery Methods	MCQ on Construction Safety
MCQ on Construction Scheduling	MCQ on Construction Surveying
MCQ on Construction and Civil Materials	MCQ on Economics Principles
MCQ on Mechanical and Electrical Systems	MCQ on Principles of Marketing
MCQ on Soils in Construction	MCQ on Statistics and Graphics (CS)
MCQ on Structural Principles and Practices	MCQ on Sustainable Buildings and Infrastructure
MCQ on Underground Construction and Trenchless Technology	MCQ on Virtual Design Construction and Management
General Construction Management Engineering MCQs