_____ is the amount of time between a purported cause and its effect
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Correct Answer:
Time sequence
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_____ is known as the time period that marked the end of the Dark Ages, sparking advances in philosophical thought and scientific innovation
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The Enlightenment
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_____ is defined as a system of ideas intended to explain a general principle or behavior
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Theory
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_____ is defined as rationalizations used by people who commit crimes to justify their behavior
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Techniques of neutralization
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_____ is a criminological school of thought in which individuals are thought to create a self-image based on their reaction to the surrounding world
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Symbolic interaction
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_____ is known as a smaller group within a larger culture that provides an identity for its members and has its own unique set of values and norms
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Subculture
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_____ is defined as stress that occurs when individuals feel unable to reach norms through legitimate (legal) means
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Strain
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_____ is body types that Sheldon felt were related to deviant behavior
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Somatotypes
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_____ is known as A criminological school of thought that posits individuals have a limited number of choices available to them and these choices determine how much free will is in play
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Correct Answer:
Soft determinism
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_____ is defined as a learning process that occurs through interaction and imitation of others
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Social learning
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_____ is a concept that involves the interaction of social groups competing for resources in the same area
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Social ecology
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_____ is defined as
A criminological perspective related to ecological theory that links crime rates to neighborhood characteristics
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Correct Answer:
Social disorganization
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_____ is known as a tie or attachment to the community, developed in early childhood, that encompasses four elements—attachment, belief, commitment, and involvement
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Correct Answer:
Social bond
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_____ is defined as a neurotransmitter that has been correlated with aggression
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Correct Answer:
Serotonin
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_____ is deviant behaviors that occur after an initial act of deviance
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Correct Answer:
Secondary deviance
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_____ is known as a criminological perspective that explains victimization through lifestyle choices, focusing on routines that may expose a person to victimization; also called lifestyle theory
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Correct Answer:
Routine activities theory
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_____ is defined as a strategy used in the juvenile justice system that shows disapproval of bad behavior but provides forgiveness and reintegrates offenders back into society
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Correct Answer:
Reintegrative shaming
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_____ is defined as a concept introduced in the late 20th century that assumes that offenders make a choice to commit crime based on the opportunities and threats that surround them
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Correct Answer:
Rational choice theory
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_____ is a criminological school of thought that examines how the personality and functioning of the mind affect criminal behavior
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Psychological school
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_____ is known as a psychological approach to uncovering the instinctual and subconscious factors that underlie an individual’s personality, often in an effort to determine therapeutic methods for modifying thought and behavior
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Psychoanalysis
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_____ is defined as the initial act of delinquency committed by a juvenile
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Primary deviance
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_____ is school of criminality that believed that criminality did not result from individual choice but from factors beyond an individual’s control
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Positivism
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_____ is known as the study of the shape of the skull to predict criminality
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Phrenology
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_____ is defined as direct controls over an individual’s behavior, consisting of things such as family values and peer pressure
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Correct Answer:
Outer containments
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_____ is a method of shaping behavior through the use of rewards and punishments that reinforce or discourage the repetition of particular behaviors
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Correct Answer:
Operant conditioning
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_____ is known as the quality of a relationship between two variables that cannot be attributed to a third variable
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Correct Answer:
Nonspurious
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_____ is chemicals responsible for transmission of impulses in the nervous system that can alter the behavior of an individual by impacting the processing of information in the brain
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Correct Answer:
Neurotransmitters
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_____ is known as school of criminology that places the blame for committing crimes solely on the individual and not environmental factors
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Neoclassicism
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_____ is defined as mimicking the behavior of another person; seen primarily in children, who copy the behaviors of people who are close to them
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Modeling
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_____ is defined as
A standardized psychological test used to assess personality traits
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_____ is a criminological perspective that holds that juveniles’ self-perceptions are based on how they are thought of by others and how they are treated by people around them
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Correct Answer:
Labeling
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_____ is known as the values, beliefs, and level of self-control that an individual refers to when deciding on behavior
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Inner containments
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_____ is defined as a mental (and perhaps less than fully conscious) calculation of the pleasure and pain associated with a particular behavior
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Hedonistic calculus
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_____ is a criminological theory that holds that self-control is developed at an early age through parental management and is the determining factor for participation in deviant behaviors
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Correct Answer:
General theory of crime
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_____ is known as robert Agnew’s 1992 theory that asserted that individuals who commit crime use it as a coping mechanism to deal with strain
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Correct Answer:
General strain theory
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_____ is defined as the ability to act according to one’s own discretion
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Correct Answer:
Free will
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_____ is a set of values and beliefs that are important to group members and may be different from those of other groups
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Correct Answer:
Focal concerns
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_____ is known as scientific research, or research that validates or invalidates theories in criminology
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Correct Answer:
Empirical research
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_____ is defined as a false belief resulting from the thought that when the crime rate is higher in low-income areas, everyone who lives in government housing and is on or below the poverty line will be delinquent.
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Correct Answer:
Ecological fallacy
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_____ is a neurotransmitter that has been correlated with aggression
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Correct Answer:
Dopamine
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_____ is known as selective reinforcement of a desired response
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Correct Answer:
Differential reinforcement
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_____ is defined as interaction in intimate peer groups with others who support law violation and therefore influence others to violate the law
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Correct Answer:
Differential association
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_____ is perspectives that focus on an individual’s conception of right and wrong as it develops over a period of time (particularly in childhood)
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Correct Answer:
Developmental theories
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_____ is known as demonstration of the fact that changes in the purported cause and effect occur in relation to each other
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Correct Answer:
Correlation
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_____ is defined as a theory that identifies two types of forces that can control behavior—outer containments and inner containments
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Correct Answer:
Containment theory
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_____ is in criminality, a similarity between adopted children and their offending parents
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Correct Answer:
Concordance
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_____ is known as five varying environments mapped by Park and Burgess in the city of Chicago
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Correct Answer:
Concentric zones
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_____ is defined as the ability of members in a community to control the behaviors of other individuals and groups in the same community
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Correct Answer:
Collective efficacy
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_____ is known as the first modern criminological school of thought that emerged in the mid-1700s that asserted that human beings are rational and make choices based on their own free will
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Correct Answer:
Classical school
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_____ is defined as a theory of criminology that says that criminal behavior does not result from individualistic characteristics but, rather, from environmental conditions
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Correct Answer:
Chicago school
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_____ is defined as the relationship between cause and effect
Answer
Correct Answer:
Causation
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_____ is known as a new approach to criminology that merged the original idea of genetic predisposition as a predictor of crime with environmental factors, to create a modern explanation of criminality
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Correct Answer:
Biosocial theory
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_____ is defined as school of thought that used scientific testing to support or debunk theoretical assertions, looking for possible biological and genetic components of criminality
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Correct Answer:
Biological school
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_____ is defined as the label for physical characteristics, as a result of evolutionary throwback, that indicate likelihood toward criminality
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Atavistic
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_____ is defined as a disorder that is characterized by the person violating the rights of others while exhibiting no remorse for those behaviors
Answer
Correct Answer:
Antisocial personality disorder
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_____ is social instability, or normlessness, often resulting from a disjuncture in obtaining socially approved goals and legitimate means to obtain them
Answer
Correct Answer:
Anomie
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Core elements of the ______ theory include attachment, belief, involvement, and commitment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social bond
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Who stated humans intuitively use a hedonistic calculus, which is a mental (and perhaps less than fully conscious) calculation of the pleasure and pain associated with a particular behavior?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Jeremy Bentham
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The concept of differential reinforcement was later added to Sutherland’s theory of differential association to explain the importance of learning.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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The classical school of criminology suggests criminal behavior does not result from individualistic characteristics but, rather, from environmental challenges.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Walter Reckless was an early social control theorist who developed the containment theory.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay applied the concept of psychoanalysis to understand juvenile delinquency.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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The general theory of crime believes criminal behavior is based on the amount of pressure that individuals feel to obtain societal goals and successes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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The differential association theory has nine main principles.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Mesomorphs were skinny and delicate, and likely to be anxious introverts who complained frequently.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Albert Cohen developed the social bond theory in 1969 in order to explain how juveniles drift between conventional and non-conventional norms.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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