_____ is defined as highest federal court in the United States that decides cases on Constitutional issues and has jurisdiction over all other courts.
Answer
Correct Answer:
U.S. Supreme Court
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_____ is act of staying away from school without good cause.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Truancy
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Is transfer and waiver criteria laws state laws that allow the transfer of youthful offenders to adult criminal courts based on certain age and offense criteria?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as leading national organization that has led juvenile justice reform since the 1980s from punishment toward a rehabilitative approach, including the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initiative.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The Annie E. Casey Foundation
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_____ is defined as 1990s phrase used to describe a fictional class of impulsive, brutal, and remorseless adolescents who committed serious violent crimes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Superpredator
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_____ is 19th century movement, and reaction to ineffective houses of refuge, that were homes designed as small, rural, cottage-like facilities run by parental figures who worked to educate and care for the children and adolescents.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Reform schools
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Is probation officers juvenile court employees that supervise youthful offenders who have been adjudicated delinquent?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as failed 19th century practice for impoverished, troubled, or orphaned children whereby more than 50,000 children from mostly urban East Coast cities boarded trains and were sent to western states to be adopted by farm families.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Placing out
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_____ is defined as leading national organization that has led juvenile justice reform since the 1980s from punishment toward a rehabilitative approach.
Answer
Correct Answer:
MacArthur Foundation (Models for Change Initiative)
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_____ is sentence that requires the offender to serve the rest of his or her life in prison (state or federal) without the chance of being released.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Life sentence without the possibility of parole (LWOP)
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Is juvenile death penalty practice of sentencing to death those who committed their crime (homicide in all cases) when younger than 18 years of age. This was allowed from 1976 until 2005 when the U.S. Supreme Court found in Roper v. Simmons the juvenile sentence to violate the Constitutions’ Eighth Amendment forbidding cruel and unusual punishment?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is state-run correctional facilities that house youthful offenders, typically for longer periods of time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Incarceration facilities
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Is houses of refuge facilities built in the 1800s and established in major cities to help control troubled, wayward, or orphaned children?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as passed in 1994, a federal law that encouraged states to take a tough on crime approach to their schools by introducing “zero tolerance policies.”
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gun-Free Schools Act
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_____ is defined as description of individuals who are cognitively impaired or limited in some related ways; term used in earlier times was “mentally retarded.”
Answer
Correct Answer:
Developmentally delayed
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_____ is a 19th century movement that influenced the development of the juvenile courts and focused on the prevention of delinquency through education and training of young people.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Child-Saving Movement
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Is child welfare u.S. government agency responsible for investigating child abuse and neglect allegations; also known as children’s protective services (CPS)?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as colonial-era, locked, one-room buildings that housed many types of people with many different problems, including troubled or orphaned children.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Almshouses
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During the later 1700s, when youths were in need of control, the most common response by the community was to remove children from the family and place them ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
With other families
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From the juvenile crime problem of the 1980s emerged the image of a new criminal, the ______ class of youthful offender.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Superpredator
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Which drug is associated with the juvenile crime problem of the 1980s?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Crack cocaine
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During the 1980s and 1990s, juvenile justice philosophy shifted toward a(n) ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Law and order approach
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Which of the following is the force that drove the changes to the juvenile justice system in the 1960s and 1970s?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Establishment of youthful offender rights
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Following the Gault decision, the new focus on due process resulted in a juvenile justice system that was oriented toward ______ as a means of addressing delinquency.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retribution
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Some states pursued shifting their large-scale and often poorly maintained correctional facilities toward smaller, community home-type environments. This movement was influenced by the broader deinstitutionalization of state______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Psychiatric facilities
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The nation’s first juvenile court was established in which of the following cities?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Chicago
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The ______ Movement was focused on the urban poor, trying to keep children sheltered, fed, and when possible and old enough, employed.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Child-Saving
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The ______ were fortress-like and utilized punitive environments, corporal punishments, and solitary confinement to control youths.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Houses of refuge
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Which court case brought due process concerns of youthful offenders to the forefront of juvenile justice?
Answer
Correct Answer:
In re Gault
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Early juvenile courts treated delinquency as a ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social problem
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Which of the following philosophies supported the work of the Houses of Refuges to serve the best interests of the children?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Parens patriae
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Which of the following were locked one-room buildings that housed many types of people with many different problems?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Almshouses
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