Which of the following principles of development means that development consists of both gains and losses, growth and decline, throughout the lifespan?
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Correct Answer:
Development is multidirectional.
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Development is characterized by ______, or its ability to change.
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Plasticity
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Age-related changes are best represented in which two types of research designs?
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Longitudinal and sequential
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Which theorist believed that much of our behavior is driven by unconscious impulses that are outside of our awareness?
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Correct Answer:
Sigmund Freud
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A pet owner rarely allows his dog to ride in the car except when taking the dog to the veterinarian’s office to receive vaccinations and physical exams. The dog eventually refuses to get into the car for fear of having to go to the veterinarian’s office. This is an example of ______.
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Classical conditioning
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Dr. Richards is conducting a study using naturalistic observation to examine peer relationships among 3-year-olds. When Dr. Richards sits in the classroom to collect the data, the children spend the majority of time watching her, giggling, and “showing off” for her and not much time interacting with their peers. This is known as ______.
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Participant reactivity
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The cognitive-developmental perspective was founded by which theorist?
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Correct Answer:
Jean Piaget
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Which of the following is one of the five ethical principles that represents the dual responsibility to do good and to also do no harm?
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Beneficence and nonmaleficence
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Which statement accurately reflects our knowledge about the basic issues in life span development?
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The prevailing view among developmental scientists is that people are active contributors to their own development.
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Behaviorist theory is also known as ______.
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Learning theory
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Behaviorist theory is also known as ______.
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Learning theory
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Which statement regarding Erikson’s psychosocial theory is incorrect?
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An individual cannot progress onto the next stage until they have successfully resolved the crisis they face in the current stage.
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______ research permits researchers to examine relations among measured characteristics, behaviors, and events.
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Correlational
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How can a person tell the difference between continuous developmental change and discontinuous developmental change?
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Continuous development is slow and gradual change, whereas discontinuous development is abrupt change.
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According to information processing theory, development is seen as ______.
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Continuous
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Informed consent is a participant’s informed (knowledge of the scope of the research and potential harm and benefits of participating), rational, and voluntary agreement to participate in a study.
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True
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A developmental design in which multiple groups of participants of different ages are followed over time, combining cross-sectional and _______ is called sequential research design
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Longitudinal research
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A developmental study in which one group of participants is studied repeatedly to infer age changes is called
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Longitudinal research
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A developmental ________ that compares people of different ages at a single point in time to infer age differences
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Research design
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Random assignment is a method of assigning participants that ensures each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to the experimental group or control group.
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True
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The factor proposed to change the behavior under study in an experiment; it is systematically manipulated during an experiment is known as
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Independent variable
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The behavior under study in an experiment; it is expected to be affected by changes in the independent variable is known as
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Dependent variable
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A _________ that permits inferences about cause and effect by exerting control, systematically manipulating a variable, and studying the effects on measured variables is called experimental design
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Research design
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A _________ that measures relationships among participants’ measured characteristics, behaviors, and development is called correlational research
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Research design
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An observational measure in which an individual’s behavior is viewed and recorded in a _________ a situation created by the experimenter is called structured observation
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Controlled environment
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A research method in which a researcher views and records an individual’s behavior in natural, real-world settings is called naturalistic observation
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True
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A research method in which researchers use a survey or set of questions to collect data from large samples of people is called questionnaire
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True
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Structured interview is a research method in which each participant is asked the same set of questions in the same way.
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True
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A research method in which a researcher asks a participant questions using a flexible, conversational style and may vary the order of questions, probe, and ask followup questions based on the participant’s responses is called
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Open ended interview
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The process of forming and answering questions using _________ and gathering information is called scientific method.
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Systematic observations
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A field that studies lifespan interactions between individuals and the contexts in which they live and applies research findings to real-world settings, such as to influence social policy and create interventions is called applied developmental science
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True
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Refers to changes in how we understand and interact with others, as well as changes in how we understand ourselves and our roles as members of society is known as
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Psychosocial development
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Refers to changes in how we understand and interact with others, as well as changes in how we understand ourselves and our roles as members of society is known as
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Correct Answer:
Psychosocial development
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A perspective that applies principles of evolution and scientific knowledge about the interactive influence of genetic and environmental mechanisms to understand the adaptive value of developmental changes that are experienced with age is called evolutionary development theory
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True
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A perspective that emphasizes the evolutionary basis of behavior and its adaptive value in ensuring survival of a species is called ethology theory
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True
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In bioecological systems theory, refers to how the people and contexts change over time is called
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Chronosystem
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_______ system in bioecological systems theory, the sociohistorical context—cultural values, laws, and cultural values—in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded, posing indirect influences on individuals.
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Macrosystem
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_______ system in bioecological systems theory, social settings in which an individual does not participate but have an indirect influence on development.
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Exosystem
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In bioecological systems theory, the relations and interactions among microsystems is called
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Mesosystem
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In bioecological systems theory, the innermost level of context, which includes an individual’s immediate physical and social environment is called
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Microsystem
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A theory introduced by Bronfenbrenner that emphasizes the role of context in development, positing that contexts are organized into a series of systems in which individuals are embedded and that interact with one another and the person to influence development is called bioecological system theory
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True
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Vygotsky’s perspective that individuals acquire culturally relevant ways of thinking through social interactions with members of their ______ is called sociocultural theory
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Culture
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A perspective that uses a computer analogy to describe how the mind receives information and manipulates, stores, recalls, and uses it to solve problems is called
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Information processing theory
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A mental representation, such as concepts, ideas, and ways of interacting with the world is known as schemas
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True
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Cognitive developmental perspective is posited by Piaget that views individuals as active explorers of their world, learning by interacting with the world around them and describes cognitive development as progressing through stages.
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True
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A perspective positing that individuals and the environment interact and influence each other is ____ determinism
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Reciprocal
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Learning that occurs by watching and imitating models, as posited by social learning theory is called
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Observational learning
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An approach that emphasizes the role of modelling and observational learning over people’s behavior in addition to reinforcement and punishment is science learning theory
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True
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In operant conditioning, the process of punishment is in which a behavior is followed by an aversive or unpleasant outcome that decreases the likelihood of a response.
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True
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In operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior is followed by a desirable outcome increases the likelihood of a response is _____
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Reinforcement
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In operant conditioning, the process by which a behavior is followed by a desirable outcome increases the likelihood of a response is _____
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Correct Answer:
Reinforcement
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A form of learning in which behavior increases or decreases based on environmental consequences is called
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Operant conditioning
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A form of learning in which an environmental stimulus becomes associated with stimuli that elicit reflex responses is called
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Classical conditioning
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Behaviorism is a theoretical approach that studies how observable behavior is controlled by the physical and ______ environment through condition is called behaviorism
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Social
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A perspective introduced by Freud that development and behavior is stagelike and influenced by inner drives, memories, and conflicts of which an individual is unaware and cannot control is known as psychoanalytic theory
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True
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A proposed explanation for a phenomenon that can be tested is called
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Hypothesis
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An organized set of observations to describe, explain, and predict a phenomenon is called theory
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True
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A debate within the field of human development regarding whether development is caused by nature (genetics or heredity) or nurture (the physical and social environment) is called nature nurture issue
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True
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The view that growth entails abrupt transformations in abilities and capacities in which new ways of interacting with the world emerge is called
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Discontinuous
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The view that development consists of gradual cumulative changes in existing skills and capacities is called.
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Continuous
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A generation of people born at the same time, influenced by the same historical and cultural conditions is called
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Cohort
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____ is a set of customs, knowledge, attitudes, and values shared by a group of people and learned through interactions with group members.
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Culture
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Unique conditions in which a person develops, including aspects of the physical and social environment such as family, neighborhood, culture, and historical time period is called culture
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True
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The ability to adapt to serious adversity is called
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Resilience
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____ is malleability, or openness to change in response to experience.
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Plasticity
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Maturation of social and emotional functioning, which includes changes in personality, emotions, personal perceptions, social skills, and interpersonal relationships is called
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Correct Answer:
Socioemotional development
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Maturation of mental processes and tools individuals use to obtain knowledge, think, and solve problems is called
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Cognitive development
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Body maturation, including body size, proportion, appearance, health, and perceptual abilities is called
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Physical development
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An approach to studying human development that examines ways in which individuals grow, change, and stay the same throughout their lives, from conception to death is known as
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Correct Answer:
Life span human development
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More Human Development (Mental And Physical) Subjects
