Colonial American history was heavily influenced by British criminal justice policy.
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Correct Answer:
True
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Collateral consequences are legal and regulatory sanctions and restrictions that limit or prohibit people with criminal records from accessing employment.
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Correct Answer:
True
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What is the term coined by David Wexler and Bruce Winnick that describes the therapeutic and anti-therapeutic consequences of encounters with the criminal justice system?
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Correct Answer:
Therapeutic jurisprudence
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Philosopher Jeremy Bentham designed which form of punishment?
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Correct Answer:
Panopticon
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Who was the first federal law enforcement officer?
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Correct Answer:
The federal marshal
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Wilson and Kelling asserted that visible signs of social disorder in a given area such as vandalism, littering, or public intoxication may be a precursor to social disorder and criminality. Which theory has been used in criminal justice to describe this?
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Correct Answer:
Broken windows theory
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Which Amendment to the U.S. Constitution has the prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizure?
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Correct Answer:
Fourth Amendment
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The outsourcing of government functions to private for-profit or nonprofit sector is known as ______.
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Correct Answer:
Privatization
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What is the difference between regressive and progressive fines?
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Correct Answer:
Regressive fines have a harsher impact on people with lower economic resources.
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Which Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment?
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Correct Answer:
Eighth Amendment
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A term referring to policies that prohibit waiver or reduction of consequences for offenses is called _______ tolerance
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Correct Answer:
Zero
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When an innocent person is convicted of a _______ is called wrongful conviction
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Correct Answer:
Crime
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A term that describes the therapeutic and anti-therapeutic consequences of encounters with the criminal justice system. Is called Therapeutic Jurisprudence
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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A behavior that is prohibited for minors but otherwise legal, such as violations of curfews, running away, truancy, possessing alcohol, or ungovernability is called status offense
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Correct Answer:
True
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The collection of policies and practices in schools that lead to greater likelihood of criminal justice involvement is called _______-to-prison pipeline
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Correct Answer:
School
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Restorative justice explains A theory of justice, drawing inspiration from indigenous practices, that emphasizes repairing the community when a harm is committed through a collaborative process that includes recognition of the harm. Solutions based on restorative justice often include reparations, reconciliations, and reintegration.
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Correct Answer:
True
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Powers that are not explicitly granted to the federal government in the U.S. Constitution and are therefore considered to be within authority of state governments is called
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Correct Answer:
Residual powers
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Fines that have a disparate impact on people with fewer economic resources is called
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Correct Answer:
Regressive fines
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Fines that are calculated to have a relatively equitable impact by, for example, considering a person’s income bracket is called progressive fines
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Correct Answer:
True
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The outsourcing of government functions to the private for-profit or nonprofit sector, often with _________ incentives and reduced oversight is called privatization
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Correct Answer:
Financial
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Over-policing under-policing paradox explains that marginalized communities or groups are both the targets of more surveillance and enforcement and experience a dearth of protection and safety services
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Correct Answer:
True
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A term used to reflect the expansion of the criminal justice system to include more people or behaviors due to programmatic,________, or implementation changes is called net widening
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Correct Answer:
Policy
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Neoliberalism is contemporarily used to refer to market-oriented reform policies such as "eliminating price controls, deregulating capital markets, lowering trade barriers" and reducing, especially through privatization and austerity, state influence in the economy
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Correct Answer:
True
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Mass incarceration Describes the extremely high rates of incarceration in the United States, both historically and in comparison to other countries
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Correct Answer:
True
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Fines and fees beyond what is set out as punishment for a crime and can include restitution, court costs, criminal fines, and fees assessed for supervision or monitoring is called
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Criminal offenses that are committed by minors and status offenses is called Juvenile delinquency
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Correct Answer:
True
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Organizations or programs devoted to overturning wrongful convictions is called _________ projects
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Correct Answer:
Innocence
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Manipulation of voting districts by a more powerful political party seeking to secure or strengthen a majority by drawing voting maps around different population groups is called
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Correct Answer:
Gerrymandering
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Legal and regulatory sanctions and restrictions that limit or prohibit people with criminal records from accessing employment, occupational licensing, housing, voting, education, and other opportunities is called Collateral consequences
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Which theory that claims visible signs of social disorder (such as vandalism or littering) in a particular area encourages more widespread criminal activity in that same area?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Broken Windows Theory
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