General MCQ

1. Reinforcement is the _______ in a relationship

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2. An attribute is also referred to as a ________.

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3. By converting a distribution of observations into z-scores a new distribution is created that has a mean of ______and a standard deviation of _____.

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4. Yate's continuity correction is an adjustment made to the ________ test when the contingency table is 2 rows by 2 columns

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5. Y-axis is the ________ axis of a graph

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6. X-axis is also known as ordinate

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7. Another name for a 'repeated-measures design'

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8. Winsorizing is a method for reducing the impact of

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9. A version of the ________ designed to be accurate when the assumption of homogeneity of variance has been violated.

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10. Weight is a number by which something (usually a variable in statistics) is

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11. The VIF indicates whether a predictor has a _____________ with the other predictor(s).

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12. Variance is an estimate of _________ of a set of scores.

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13. Variables

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14. Validity is evidence that a study allows correct inferences about the question it was aimed to answer

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15. Upper quartile is the value that cuts off the highest _____ of ordered scores.

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16. Unsystematic variation is variation that is due to the effect in which we are interested

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17. For A & B union is the probability of

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18. Unbiased estimator is a statistic from a sample that ________ the corresponding population parameter.

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19. Type ____ error occurs when we believe that there is no effect in the population when, in reality, there is

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20. Type ____ error occurs when we believe that there is a genuine effect in our population, when in fact there isn't

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21. Two-way design is an experimental design incorporating

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22. Two-tailed test is a test of a ____________ hypothesis

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23. Trimmed mean produces accurate results even only the distribution is symmetrical.

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24. Trimmed data is a data after a certain percentage of the distribution has been removed at the

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25. In probability theory, a trial is a repetition of an experiment

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26. To correct some distributional abnormality such as skew or kurtosis, or converting to a z-score are included in

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27. Total sum of squares is a measure of the total_________ within a set of observations

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28. Tolerance is the _______ of the variance inflation factor

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29. An experimental design incorporating three categorical predictors (or independent variables) is known as

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30. New hypothesis can be generated from a theory

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31. A statistic for which we know how frequently different values occur is known as

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32. Test-retest reliability is the ability of a measure to produce ________ results when the same entities are tested at two different points in time

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33. Tertium quid is often called

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34. A family of probability distributions describing samples taken from a population that is normally distributed is known as

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35. Systematic variation is a variation due to some genuine effect

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36. SS is the sum of

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37. Sum of squared errors is opposite to sum of squares

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38. Statistic is usually computed from the

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39. Standardized distributions are usually used to make comparable distributions incomparable.

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40. Standardization is the process of converting a ________ into a standard unit of measurement.

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41. Standard normal distribution has a mean of

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42. Standard error of the mean is standard error associated with the mean

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43. Standard error of differences is a measure of the variability of differences between sample means.

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44. Standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.

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45. Standard deviation is the ______ of variance

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46. Sphericity is the assumption that the variances of the differences between scores from the same entity across different treatments are

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47. Spearman's rho is a standardized measure of the strength of relationship between ________ that does not rely on the assumptions of the linear model.

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48. Symmetrical distributions have a skew of

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49. Simple regression model takes the form in which Y is

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50. Simple effect analysis looks at the effect of one independent variable (categorical predictor variable) at individual levels of

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51. Shapiro-Wilk test is a test of whether a distribution of scores is significantly different from a normal distribution

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52. A score is collection of measurements or observations of many instances of a variable

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53. A graph that plots values of one variable against the corresponding value of another variable is known as

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54. Sampling without replacement is when a sample is constructed from a population or sample space such that after an entity is selected to be in the sample, it is taken out of the

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55. When a sample is constructed from a population or sample space such that after an entity is selected to be in the sample, it is put back into the population or sample space. It is known as

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56. Sampling variation includes ______ variation

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57. The difference between the value of a population parameter, and the value estimated from the sample is known as

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58. __________ is the probability distribution of a statistic.

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59. In empirical probability theory, the sample space is the set of observed outcomes of several trials of an experiment.

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60. The mean of a sample of scores is known as

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61. A sample is a ________ collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population

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62. Robust estimation is a term applied to procedures to estimate statistics or the standard errors and confidence intervals of statistics that are not unduly biased by the shape of the

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63. Reverse scoring is done by subtracting the score on a reverse-phrased item from the maximum score for that item plus the minimum score.

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64. Reverse phrasing are normally questions on a survey are phrased so that a ______ response represents more of the construct being measured

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65. Response bias is a general term for participants giving responses that reflect their true beliefs

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66. The difference between the value a model predicts and the value observed in the data on which the model is based is known as

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67. An experimental design in which different treatment conditions utilize the same entities and so the resulting data are related; is known as

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68. Reliability is the ability of a measure to produce consistent results when the ________ entities are measured under different conditions

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69. Relative frequency is the frequency of a__________ expressed relative to the total number of observations

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70. Related design is another name for a repeated-measures design

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71. Regression line is a line on a _______ representing the regression model of the relationship between the two variables plotted

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72. Raw score is a score

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73. In ratio scale zero is a

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74. In raw score ranking the the lowest score is assigned a rank

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75. ________ a measure of the dispersion of a set of scores

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76. If the entities in a population or sample space have an equal chance of being selected then a sample resulting from this selection process is a

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77. Quasi-experimental design is a research design in which the experimenter has ______ over either the allocation of participants to conditions, or the timing of the experimental manipulations

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78. Quartile is a generic term for the_______ values that cut an ordered data set into four equal parts.

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79. Qualitative method refers to Inferring evidence for a theory through measurement of variables that produce numeric outcomes.

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80. Quantiles include

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81. Qualitative methods refer to extrapolating evidence for a theory from what people say or write.

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82. Proportion is the frequency of a particular__________ relative to the total number of scores.

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83. Programmable matter is matter that can change from one ________ form to another

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84. For categorical variables probability distribution is simply a formula yielding the probability with which each category occurs.

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85. The function that describes the probability of a ________ variable taking a certain value.

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86. The_______ of an event is the number of times the event occurs divided by the total number of possible events (i.e., the sample space)

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87. When using Bayes' theorem to test a hypothesis, the prior probability is our belief in a hypothesis or model ________ considering the data

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88. In Bayesian hypothesis testing, the prior odds are the probability of the ________ hypothesis divided by the probability of the ________ hypothesis

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89. A variable that is used to try to predict values of another variable ,known as an outcome variable, is called

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90. Predictive validity is a form of criterion validity where there is evidence that________ from an instrument predict external measures

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91. Predicted value is the value of an outcome variable based on specific values of the ________ or variables being placed into a statistical model

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92. In statistics, precision has a definition of 1/ variance

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93. Practice effect refers to the possibility that participants' performance in a task may be influence___________ if they repeat the task because of familiarity with the experimental situation and/or the measures being used

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94. The ability of a test to detect an effect of a particular size is known as

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95. A set of comparisons between group means that were not thought of before data were collected is known as

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96. Posterior probability is the ________ conditional probability of the likelihood.

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97. The ratio of posterior probability for one hypothesis to another is known as

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98. Platykurtic is a distribution with _______ kurtosis

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99. Planned contrasts are a set of comparisons between group means that are constructed ______ any data is collected.

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100. Two predictors that are perfectly correlated they have a correlation coefficient of

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101. Percentiles are values that split the data into ______ equal parts

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102. Percentile bootstrap confidence interval is constructed empirically by taking several (e.g., 1000)

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103. Percentage bend correlation is robust statistic to measure the __________ between two variables

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104. Pearson's correlation coefficient can take the value of

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105. Which of the following is a measure of the relationship between two variables while adjusting for the effect of one or more additional variables on both

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106. Parameters are estimated from the data and are (usually) _______ believed to represent some fundamental truth about the relations between variables.

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107. Pairwise comparisons are comparisons of pairs of

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108. Paired-samples t-test a test using the t-statistic that establishes whether two standard deviations ollected from the same sample (or related observations) are same.

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109. P-value is the name often used for the probability of observing a test statistic at least as big as the one observed if the ______ hypothesis were true.

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110. Outlier is an observation or observations very different from most others

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111. A variable whose values we are trying to predict from one or more predictor variables is known as

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112. Outcome is an unmeasurable result of some process.

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113. Orthogonal means _________ to something

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114. Y-axis is also known as

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115. Ordinal scale is a scale that tells us

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116. Operational definition is a procedure (or set of procedures) for determining and quantifying the existence of something.

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117. One-tailed test is a test of non-directional hypothesis

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118. Omega squared is an effect size measure associated with comparing

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119. An odds ratio of____ would indicate that the odds of a particular outcome are equal in both groups.

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120. The probability of an event occurring divided by the probability of that event not occurring is known as

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121. If NHST is below ____ , then the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis is accepted

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122. A null hypothesis is ______ true

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123. Normal distribution is perfectly symmetrical and has a kurtosis of

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124. Noniles are q type of quantile; they are values that split the data into ____ equal parts

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125. Nominal scale is a scale on which numbers represent

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126. NHST is common abbreviation for 'null hypothesis significance testing'

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127. A distribution with negative kurtosis (platykurtic, kurtosis < 0) has _____ scores in the tails and is quite ____

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128. In probability, outcomes are mutually exclusive or disjoint if the probability of their intersection is

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129. Multiple regression is a linear model in which an outcome is predicted by a linear combination of two or more

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130. Multimodal describes a distribution of observation that has ________modes

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131. In multilevel linear model analysis regression parameters can be

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132. Multicollinearity is a situation in which two or more variables are very closely _______ related

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133. Moderation occurs when the relationship between two variables changes as a function of

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134. Mode is the ________ occurring score in a set of observations

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135. Mixed normal distribution is a normal-looking distribution that is contaminated by a small proportion of scores from a different distribution

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136. Method of least squares is a method of estimating parameters (such as the mean , or a regression coefficient) that is based on _______ the sum of squared errors.

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137. Which of the following is statistical procedure for assimilating research findings

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138. Median is the ______ score of a set of ordered observations.

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139. The discrepancy between the numbers used to represent the thing that we're measuring and the actual value of the thing we'Re measuring is called

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140. Mean squares is a measure of

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141. It is the sum of observed scores divided by the number of observed scores.

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142. If Mauchly's test is significant then the assumption of sphericity has been met

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143. Matched-pairs t-test is

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144. When using Bayes' theorem to test a hypothesis, the marginal likelihood (sometimes called evidence) is the probability of the

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145. M-estimator is a robust measure of

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146. Lower quartile is the value that cuts off the lower _____ of the data.

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147. A form of research in which you observe what naturally goes on in the world without directly interfering with it, by measuring several variables at multiple time points is called

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148. Line graph is a graph in which a summary statistic (usually the mean) is plotted on the ______ against a categorical variable on the _______.

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149. Linear model is a model that is based upon a straight line

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150. Likelihood is the ______ conditional probability of the posterior probability.

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151. Levene's test basically does a two-way ANOVA on the deviations.

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152. The relationship between what is being measured and the numbers obtained on a scale is known as

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153. Leptokurtic is a a distribution with ________ kurtosis

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154. Latin Square Design is a method for counterbalancing tasks using an n by n grid of symbols where every symbol appears exactly ______ in every row and column

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155. Kurtosis measures the degree to which _________ cluster in the tails of a frequency distribution.

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156. A test of whether a distribution of scores is significantly different from a normal distribution

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157. Kendall's tau is preferred for large data sets

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158. Interval scale is a scale of ordered categories along the whole of which intervals are

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159. Interval estimate refers to using _________ to estimate the likely value of an unknown quantity.

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160. The probability of two or more outcomes occurring simultaneously is the probability of the

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161. Interquartile range is the limit within which the middle _______ of an ordered set of observations falls.

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162. Interaction graph is a graph showing the means of two or more _________ in which means of one variable are shown at different levels of the other variable.

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163. Interaction effect is the combined effect of two or more ________ on an outcome variable

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164. Statistical procedures for generalizing findings based on data from a sample to the population from which that sample came

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165. The value of independent variable depends upon other variables

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166. Independent t-test is a test using the t-statistic that establishes whether two means collected from independent samples differ significantly

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167. Independent errors is an assumption in ordinary least squares regression that says that for any two observations the residuals should be

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168. Independent design is also known as

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169. A proposed explanation for a fairly narrow phenomenon or set of observations is termed as

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170. Huynh-Feldt estimate has the maximum value is

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171. An assumption in regression analysis that the residuals at each level of the predictor variables(s) have similar variances

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172. Homogeneity of variance is the assumption that the variance of one variable is ________ at all levels of another variable

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173. Histogram is a graph with ___________ of observations on the horizontal axis, and vertical bars rising up to the frequency (on the vertical axis) with which each value occurs in the data set.

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174. Hierarchical regression is a method of logistic regression

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175. Heteroscedasticity occurs when the residuals at each level of the predictor variables(s) have _____ variances.

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176. Heterogeneity of variance is a term that means that the variance of one variable varies (i.e., is different) across levels of another variable.

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177. Grouped frequency distribution is a frequency distribution in which categories on the scale of measurement are grouped using class intervals

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178. Grounded theory is a qualitative method in which the analysis of _________ informs the development of a _________

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179. The maximum value of Greenhouse-Geisser estimate is

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180. A visual display of data depicting the values or a summary of one or more variables is called

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181. If a model generalises it is assumed that _________ from that model can be applied not just to the sample on which it is based, but also to a wider population from which the sample came.

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182. Frequency polygon is a graph with ascending values of observations on the __________ axis, and points displaying the frequency (on the vertical axis) with which each value occurs in the data set.

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183. Frequency distribution is a graph or table showing the categories along a scale of measurement alongside how many scores within a data set fall into each category.

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184. The number of times that a score, range of scores or category occurs is called

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185. Four-way design is an experimental design incorporating four

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186. Forced entry regression is a method of multiple regression in which predictor variables are entered into the model, and their ___________ estimated, simultaneously

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187. The degree to which a statistical model is an accurate representation of some observed data is known as

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188. Fisher's exact test should be used with large samples.

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189. ______________ is the probability of making a Type I error in any family of tests when the null hypothesis is true in each case

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190. F-ratio is a test statistic with __________ probability distribution

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191. Probability experimentwise error rate is the probability of making a Type ___ error in an experiment involving one or more statistical comparisons when the null hypothesis is true in each case

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192. Experimental methods is a research method in which one or more variables is systematically manipulated to see their effect (alone or in combination) on an

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193. Experimental hypothesis is a synonym for alternative hypothesis

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194. Experiment (research) is a procedure to test a

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195. In probability theory, an __________ is a procedure that has a well-defined set of outcomes and can be repeated over several trials .

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196. In Bayes' theorem, evidence is another name for the marginal likelihood

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197. In probability theory, an event is a subset of the __________ to which you can assign a probability.

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198. Eta squared (η²) is an effect size measure that is the ratio of the model sum of squares to the total sum of squares.

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199. Error bar is a vertical line protruding from the end of a bar (or line) on a bar graph (or line graph) that represents the__________ of the value being displayed by the bar (or line).

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200. Empirical question is a question that can be answered through collecting data such as by

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201. The ________ probability is the probability of an event based on the observation of many trials.

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202. In Durbin-watson test a value greater than 2 iindicates________correlation between adjacent residuals, whereas a value below 2 indicatindic_________ correlation.

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203. Dummy coding is a way of recording a categorical variable with two or more categories into one or more variables that are dichotomous with values of only

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204. A variable that can only take on certain values is called

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205. Dichotomous variable is a variable that consists of only one category

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206. Discourse analysis is a _________ method

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207. The difference between the observed value of a variable and the value of that variable predicted by a statistical model is known as

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208. _______ statistics includes procedures for summarizing or organizing data collected from a sample

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209. A dependent variable is a variable that is __________ by the experimenter

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210. Paired-samples t-test is a dependent t-test

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211. Density is the relative ________ of a given score on a scale of measurement occurring

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212. The number of scores that are free to vary when estimating some kind of statistical parameter is called

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213. Cumulative percentage is the _________ of a category in a series of ordered categories along a scale of measurement in the current category and all those preceding it expressed as the percentage of the total number of scores.

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214. The categories can be in either descending or ascending order

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215. A form of research in which you observe what naturally goes on in the world without directly interfering with it by measuring several variables at a single time point is known as

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216. Cross-product deviation is the deviation of one variable from its mean multiplied by the other variable's deviation from its

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217. Criterion validity is an evidence that standard deviation from an instrument correspond with ( concurrent validity ) or predict ( predictive validity ) external measures conceptually related to the measured construct

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218. In Bayesian statistics a credible interval is an interval within which a certain percentage of the __________ falls (usually 95%).

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219. Covariance is a measure of the 'average' relationship between two

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220. Counterbalancing is a process of systematically varying the order in which experimental conditions are conducted

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221. ___________ is a form of research in which you observe what naturally goes on in the world

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222. Correlation coefficient is a measure of the strength of association or relationship between

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223. A variable that can be measured to any level of precision is known as

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224. Contingency table is a table representing the cross-classification of two or more

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225. Evidence that the content of a test corresponds to the content of the construct it was designed to cover is called

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226. Something that cannot be measured directly but is indicated by things that can be measured directly is known as

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227. Confounding variable is a variable that is always measured

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228. For a given statistic calculated for a sample of observations, the confidence interval is a range of values around that statistic that are believed to contain, in a certain proportion of samples, the true value of that statistic.

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229. The probability of an outcome given that some other outcome has already happened is called

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230. Concurrent validity is a form of criterion validity where there is evidence that ______ from an instrument corresponds to concurrently recorded external measures conceptually related to the measured construct.

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231. In probability theory the probabilities for outcomes are complementary if they sum to

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232. Coefficient of determination is the proportion of__________ in one variable explained by a second variable

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233. Coding is converting a variable measured on a nominal scale (e.g., a categorical variable) to a

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234. Classical probability is the sample space divided by the frequency of an event

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235. The class interval width is the distance from the smallest to the largest value within the interval.

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236. When data along an interval or ratio scale of measurement are grouped by dividing the scale into equal portions, these portions are known as

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237. Chi-square test tests whether two categorical variables forming a contingency table are associated.

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238. Chi-square distribution tends to be used to test hypotheses about __________ , and the fit of models to the observed data.

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239. Superfluous material that distracts from the data being displayed on a graph is known as

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240. Chart refers to information displayed as a

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241. Central tendency is a generic term describing a parameter or statistic that represents the centre of a frequency distribution of observations as measured by the

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242. For small samples the_________ better approximates the shape of the sampling distribution.

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243. Any variable made up of categories of objects/entities is known as

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244. At the center of the boxplot is the

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245. Boredom effect refers to the possibility that performance in tasks may be influenced by boredom/lack of concentration if

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246. A bootstrap sample is constructed by ________ selecting scores from an observed sample of scores

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247. Bootstrap is a technique for estimating the _____________ of a statistic of interest (e.g., the mean or the b coefficient) by taking repeated samples (with replacement) from the data set.

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248. Bonferroni correction is a correction applied to the α-level to control the overall Type _____ error rate when multiple significance tests are carried out.

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249. Bivariate correlation is a correlation between two

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250. Biserial correlation is a standardized measure of the strength of relationship between two variables when one of the two variables is

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251. Binary variable is a categorical variable that has exactly two mutually ________ categories

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252. A sample mean that is not equal to the population mean may be referred to as