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Comparing two ideas and Statistics MCQ

Imagine you compare the effectiveness of four different types of stimulant to keep you awake while revising statistics using a one-way ANOVA. The null hypothesis would be that all four treatments have the same effect on the mean time kept awake. How would you interpret the alternative hypothesis?

At least two of the stimulants will have different effects on the mean time spent awake.

All four stimulants have different effects on the mean time spent awake.

None of the above

Two of the four stimulants have the same effect on the mean time spent awake.

Answer

Correct Answer: At least two of the stimulants will have different effects on the mean time spent awake.

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A psychologist was looking at the effects of an intervention on depression levels. Three groups were used: waiting list control, treatment and post-treatment (a group who had had the treatment 6 months before). The SPSS output is below. Based on this output, what should the researcher report?

The treatment groups did not have a significant effect on depression levels, F(2, 26.44) = 4.35.

The treatment groups had a significant effect on the depression levels, F(2, 26.44) = 4.35.

The treatment groups had a significant effect on depression levels, F(2, 45) = 5.11.

The treatment groups did not have a significant effect on the change in depression levels, F(2, 35.10) = 5.11.

Answer

Correct Answer: The treatment groups had a significant effect on the depression levels, F(2, 26.44) = 4.35.

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Which of the following sentences about grand mean centring in moderation analysis is not true?

Centring is particularly important when your model contains an interaction term.

Centring refers to the process of transforming a variable into deviations around a fixed point.

Grand mean centring for a given variable is achieved by taking each score and subtracting from it the mean of all scores (for that variable).

Centring the predictors will directly affect the b for the highest-order predictor, but will have no effect on the bs for the lowest-order predictors

Answer

Correct Answer: Centring the predictors will directly affect the b for the highest-order predictor, but will have no effect on the bs for the lowest-order predictors

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Imagine we wanted to look at predictors of popularity of famous sports people. We might hypothesize that the type of sport played would predict how popular the sports person was. Imagine we recruited 1000 participants and asked them to rate out of 10 (10 = They are the best sports person in the world, 0 = They are the worst sports person in the world) how much they liked 100 famous sports people from 10 different types of sports (10 sports people from each category). Could we analyse these data using regression, and if so how?

No. We could not conduct a regression because our categorical predictor is made up of more than two categories.

No. We can only analyse this scenario using ANOVA.

Yes. To do this we would create 9 dummy variables for the ‘type of sport played’ variable.

Yes. To do this we would need to create one coding variable for the ‘type of sport played’ predictor variable.

Answer

Correct Answer: Yes. To do this we would create 9 dummy variables for the ‘type of sport played’ variable.

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A researcher measured a group of people’s physiological reactions while watching horror films and compared them to when watching comedy films. The resulting data were normally distributed. What test should be used to analyse the data?

Wilcoxon signed-rank test.

Mann–Whitney test.

Paired-samples (dependent or related) t-test.

Independent t-test.

Answer

Correct Answer: Paired-samples (dependent or related) t-test.

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An independent t-test is used to test for:

Differences between means of groups containing the same entities when the sampling distribution is not normally distributed and the data do not have unequal variances.

Differences between means of groups containing the same entities when the data are normally distributed, have equal variances and data are at least interval.

Differences between means of groups containing different entities when the data are not normally distributed or have unequal variances.

Differences between means of groups containing different entities when the sampling distribution is normal, the groups have equal variances and data are at least interval.

Answer

Correct Answer: Differences between means of groups containing different entities when the sampling distribution is normal, the groups have equal variances and data are at least interval.

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A researcher was interested in the effects of emotion-evoking music on exam performance. Before their SPSS exam, a lecturer took one group of students to a room in which calming music was being played. A different group of students were taken to another room in which the ‘death march’ was being played. The students then did the exam and their marks were noted. The SPSS output is below. The experimenter made no predictions about which form of support would produce the best exam performance. What should he report?

Students receiving positive music before the exam did significantly better than those receiving negative music, t(38) = 2.05, p = .047.

Marks for students receiving positive music before the exam did not significantly differ from students receiving negative music, t(38) = 2.05, p = .047.

Marks for students receiving positive music before the exam did not significantly differ from students receiving negative music, t(23.12) = 2.05, p = .052.

Students receiving positive music before the exam did significantly better than those receiving negative music, t(23.12) = 2.05, p < .05, one-tailed.

Answer

Correct Answer: Marks for students receiving positive music before the exam did not significantly differ from students receiving negative music, t(23.12) = 2.05, p = .052.

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A psychologist was interested in whether there was a gender difference in the use of email. She hypothesized that because women are generally better communicators than men, they would spend longer using email than their male counterparts. To test this hypothesis, the researcher sat by the email computers in her research methods laboratory and when someone started using email, she noted whether they were male or female and then timed how long they spent using email (in minutes). What should she report?

Females and males did not significantly differ in the time spent using email, t(7.18) = –1.90, p = .10.

Females and males did not significantly differ in the time spent using email, t(14) = –1.90, p = .10.

Females and males did not significantly differ in the time spent using email, t(7.18) = –1.90, p < .05, one-tailed.

Females spent significantly longer using email than males, t(14) = –1.90, p < .05.

Answer

Correct Answer: Females and males did not significantly differ in the time spent using email, t(7.18) = –1.90, p = .10.

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A researcher was interested in the stress levels of lecturers during lectures. She took the same group of 8 lecturers and measured their anxiety (out of 15) during a normal lecture and again in a lecture in which she had paid students to be disruptive and misbehave. Based on the SPSS output, how would you interpret these results?

There were no significant differences between anxiety levels in normal lectures and in those in which students misbehaved.

Anxiety levels were significantly higher in lectures in which students misbehaved.

We can’t tell any of the above from the output given.

Anxiety levels were significantly lower in lectures in which students misbehaved.

Answer

Correct Answer: Anxiety levels were significantly higher in lectures in which students misbehaved.

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