1. The u.s. supreme court case, _____, upheld the concept of preventive detention for juveniles.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Schall v. Martin
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2. The concept "retrospective labeling" refers to the process of ________
Answer
Correct Answer:
Interpreting someone's past consistent with present deviance.
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3. Research confirms that ____ of capital offenders released from prison have killed again.
Answer
Correct Answer:
A small percentage
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4. One purpose of ________ is to help ensure the reappearance of the accused at trial.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Bail
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5. Of the crimes that are recorded by the police, only about ____ are cleared by arrest.
Answer
Correct Answer:
20 percent
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6. Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Secondary
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7. ________ among female inmates is very high
Answer
Correct Answer:
Substance abuse
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8. Which of the following early movements of biological criminology claimed that one can determine an individual’s character and personality can be determined by studying the shape of an individual’s skull?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Phrenology
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9. Primary deviance occurs when the individual acts in accordance with the label that they have been given and the deviant label has been taking into the person’s self-conception.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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10. Religion often has a negative influence on criminal behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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11. Which of the following parts described by Freud embodied the deep desires of a person, man of which are forged in infancy and most of which would be socially unacceptable to fulfill?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Id
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12. According to atavism theory, criminals are simply responding to the rewards they have received over the course of their lives.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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13. Rational egoism is the central tenet of classical criminology.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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14. In strain theory, ______ are law-abiding citizens who have accepted the goals prescribed by society and have also accepted the means to achieve these goals.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Conformists
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15. The period where Western civilization turned away from superstition and toward science is referred to as ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
The Enlightenment
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16. Sociobiology links social behavior to human evolution.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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17. Prior to modern science, ______ define a society’s moral code, determined its form of government, and shaped its sense of place in the world.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Religion
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18. Transitional Neighborhood is a neighborhood with a large number of immigrants.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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19. Criminological theory that believes that crime often results from the inability of people to realize socially prescribed goals by socially prescribed means is known as:
Answer
Correct Answer:
Strain Theory
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20. __________ is the belief that much of our social behavior is determined by our biological makeup.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Sociobiology
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21. The belief that crime is often a result of a lack of certain social factors, such as stable families is called __________ .
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social Disorganization Theory
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22. An approach that seeks out the roots of law-abiding behavior, rather than the sources of criminal behavior is known as:
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social Control Theory
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23. Rational Egoism is the theory that individuals rationally seek to promote their own interests.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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24. _____________ is the psychological theory that people are motivated by unconscious drives or desires.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Psychoanalysis
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25. The (now debunked) theory that a person’s personality and propensity for crime can be determined by studying the shape of her skull is called ___________ .
Answer
Correct Answer:
Phrenology
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26. Underlying assumptions about the nature of reality that shape scientific theories is known as:
Answer
Correct Answer:
Paradigms
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27. Learning Theory is the belief that our behavior is learned from observing others.’
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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28. The theory that says that criminal behavior is often a result of society labelling individuals as criminals is called ___________.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Labeling Theory
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29. The criminological theory that argues that criminal behaviors and outlooks are determined by those that we spend time with is known as:
Answer
Correct Answer:
Differential Association Theory
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30. __________ is a criminological theory of the enlightenment era that sought to use reason to explain and prevent criminal behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Classical Criminology
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31. The psychological theory that argues that criminal behavior is learned through a series of rewards and punishments is known as:
Answer
Correct Answer:
Behavioral Theory
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32. The criminological theory that sees criminal behavior as a result of holdovers from earlier, primitive forms of human life is called ________ .
Answer
Correct Answer:
Atavism Theory
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