_____ is defined as short-term changes in social roles within long-term trajectories, such as dropping out of school, divorce, and desistance from delinquency.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Transition
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_____ is classification of individuals according to their pattern of offending over time.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Trajectory
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Is techniques of neutralization rationalizations used by individuals in order to engage in delinquency?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as the physical signs of atavism, such as asymmetry of the face, large jaw or cheekbones, unusually large or small ears, fleshy lips, abnormal teeth.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Stigmata
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_____ is defined as citizens agree to follow the rules or laws set forth by society in return for protection from harm.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social contract
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_____ is bonds to conformity that keep us from engaging in socially unacceptable activities.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Social bonds
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Is severity of punishment the assumption that punishment must be harsh enough to outweigh the benefits of the crime but not so harsh that it is perceived to be unfair?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a reward for behavior, for example, the pleasurable feeling that people might feel they get from doing drugs.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positive reinforcement
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_____ is defined as a punishment that is introduced or added to decrease a behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Positive punishment
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_____ is the belief that the shape of the skull and brain (how bumpy the skull was) could predict criminality.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Phrenology
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Is normative theory a theory that assumes that there is a standard or agreed-upon set of societal norms that everyone knows and can, therefore, live by?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as an event that strengthens behavior because the behavior stops a negative event that an individual wants to stop.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Negative reinforcement
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_____ is defined as something that is taken away, instead of introduced, as a punishment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Negative punishment
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_____ is theories of delinquency that focus on the individual.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Micro-level theories
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Is mesomorphic a body type that is muscled and strong, with an upright, hard, sturdy physique?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a theoretical perspective that considers the entire course of human life (from childhood, adolescence, and adulthood to old age) as social constructions that reflect the broader structural conditions of society.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Life course theory
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_____ is defined as the component of the social bond that suggests the more time one spends engaged in conforming activities, the less time one has available to deviate.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Involvement
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_____ is the movement to improve the human race through selective reproduction.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Eugenics
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Is environmental determinism the view that one’s environment or experiences are responsible for criminal behavior?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a body type that is soft and round with small bones, short limbs, and soft smooth skin.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Endomorphic
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_____ is defined as according to strain theory, a type of coping strategy that is an attempt to lessen the negative emotions that might arise from the strain.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Emotional coping
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_____ is a body type that is fragile, thin, and delicate, with poor muscles and weak bones.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Ectomorphic
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Is differential association the learning of behaviors and norms from the groups with which we have contact?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a neutralization technique in which a person justifies his or her behavior by stating that the person who was victimized deserved it or that because of circumstances, the delinquent act committed needed to occur.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Denial of the victim
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_____ is defined as the belief that outside forces compel a person’s behavior, and thus, the person refuses to take responsibility for his or her actions.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Denial of responsibility
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_____ is a neutralization technique in which the person denies that anyone has been harmed by her or his actions.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Denial of injury
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Is craniometry the belief that the size of the skull or brain predicts criminality?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a neutralization technique in which a person tries to turn the tables on those who condemn or disapprove of his or her behavior by condemning them.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Condemnation of the condemners
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_____ is defined as the “rational” component of the social bond that signifies that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of their behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Commitment
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_____ is according to strain theory, a type of coping strategy that involves trying to reinterpret the strain to lessen the impact of that strain.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Cognitive coping
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Is celerity of punishment the element of deterrence that assumes that the faster a punishment occurs, the more likely an individual will not engage in that behavior in the future?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as the most important element of deterrence. The assumption that if individuals perceive a high likelihood of being caught and punished for a crime, they will not engage in it.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Certainty of punishment
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_____ is defined as the view that biology is responsible for criminal behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Biological determinism
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_____ is the component of the social bond that suggests the stronger one’s awareness of, understanding of, and agreement with the rules and norms of society, the less likely one will be to deviate.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Belief
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Is behavioral coping according to strain theory, a type of coping strategy that focuses on actions that might help to reduce the strain itself?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as the “emotional” component of the social bond that signifies that individuals care about what others think.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Attachment
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_____ is defined as the belief that individuals may have certain characteristics that are throwbacks to earlier developmental stages of evolution.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Atavistic
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_____ is a neutralization technique in which a youth who has committed a delinquent act justifies it on the basis of a higher calling or purpose.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Appeal to higher loyalties
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African Americans are less likely to experience a host of strains including economic, community (neighborhood strains), educational (unfair discipline), discrimination, and victimization than other races or ethnicities.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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When strain is high, seen as unjust, and the individual feeling the strain has low self-control, criminality is likely.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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According to the power-control theory, the less freedom people have to act and the more social control upon them, the more likely they will break norms and commit common acts of delinquency.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Theorists who use the life course theory argue that this age–crime relationship exists because as people age they go through stages that allow them to be more or less delinquent.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Short-term changes in social roles within long-term trajectories, such as dropping out of school, divorce, and desistance from delinquency, refer to ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Transition
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______ is a theoretical perspective that considers the entire course of human life (from childhood, adolescence, and adulthood to old age) as social constructions that reflect the broader structural conditions of society.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Life course
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______ is the “rational” component of the social bond that signifies that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of their behavior.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Commitment
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Social bonds are bonds to conformity that keep us from engaging in socially unacceptable activities.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior because the behavior stops a negative event that an individual wants to stop?
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Differential associations vary in terms of frequency (how often exposed), duration (how long exposed), priority (how early in life one is exposed), and intensity (the respect or admiration one holds for the person providing the definitions).
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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