Dabney and Tewksbury (2016) report that payments to police informants usually will not exceed $100. An exception is when federal agencies are involved in high financial/legal stake cases.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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The DOJ Bureau of Justice Statistics (2015) estimates that only 50% of estimated police-on-citizen homicides were reported from 2003 to 2009 and in 2011.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Police practices to apprehend, investigate, and interrogate may be ethically challenged because ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above reasons
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Command verbalizations are designed to overcome resistance that is forcible but is not life threatening.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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According to the Department of Justice (DOJ 2016), from June 1 2015 through March 31, 2016, an estimated ______ arrest deaths occurred in the United States, with southern states reporting the highest annual totals.
Answer
Correct Answer:
1900
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Which of the following is not one of Barker and Carter’s (1995) typographies of police lying?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Justified lying
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Kleinig (1996) points out that what type of deception is said to be directed at securing worthy ends?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Testimonial
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Kleinig (2014) suggests that ______ is an example of police use of excessive force.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Overtightening of handcuffs
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The criminalization hypothesis contends that was a factor in the increase of mentally ill persons entering the criminal justice system?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Deinstitutionalization
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Stinson et al. (2012) found that in cases they examined, there was ______ situational risk to the officer concerned.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Little to no
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According to Kleinig (1996), police lethal force is not limited to use of firearms. Each year police ______ kill and injure more people than firearms, including innocent citizens.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Motor vehicle pursuits
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Which theoretical approach to the cause of police use of excessive force focuses on the systems in place in police agencies for managing officers?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Organizational
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In which U.S. Supreme Court case did the Court hold that municipalities are liable civilly for failure to train officers when that failure to train amounts to deliberate indifference to rights of those with whom they come in contact?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Canton v. Harris
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In order to avoid liability in excessive force claims, police officers must establish that their actions were ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Objectively reasonable
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Which of the following components do not fit the makeup of procedural justice?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Dialogue that discourages citizen participation before a decision is made by an officer
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Which of the following was not found by the Police Foundation survey of police officers in 2001?
Answer
Correct Answer:
A substantial majority believed using more force than permitted by law was sometimes acceptable.
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According to Skolnick and Fyfe (1993), contacts that include holds like finger grips and hammerlocks are known as falling under which of the following level on the typical linear continuum of force policy?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Pain compliance
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According to Skolnick and Fyfe (1993), when police use a stronger tone and tell the person with whom they are interacting what behavior they expect, this is known as ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Command verbalization
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According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics in March 2015, almost ______% of deaths which occurred in the process of police arrest arose from causes other than officer-involved homicides of suspects.
Answer
Correct Answer:
40
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According to Zimring 2017 study, media databases from The Guardian and The Washington Post found about ______ of the number of police lethal force deaths than stated in official aggregated reports.
Answer
Correct Answer:
One half
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The rotten apple theory of police corruption blames individual officers or small groups of officers for the police corruption problem.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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The systemic explanation for police corruption focuses on the weaknesses of individual officers.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Most police departments require officers to complete a minimum of eight hours of ethics training each year.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Extensive police use of “stop and frisk” has been shown to decrease violent crime rates.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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In New York City in 2011, police use of the “stop and frisk” law was at its highest. What percentage of these stops were innocent, resulting in no arrest or court summons?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Between 86 to 90%
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What does the “stop and frisk” law, based on Terry v. Ohio (1968), allow police to do?
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of the above
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“Driving While Black” is when ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Police stop a disproportionate number of minority citizens
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In which of the following countries has the media impacted the number of public inquiries made and generated demand for effective police accountability?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Canada
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When looking to combat corruption, which aspect of policing is achieved through accountability, internal and external, and through use of tools?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Detecting and deterring corruption
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Which of the following competence-related police behaviors are considered to contribute to police corruption?
Answer
Correct Answer:
All of these
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Noble cause corruption involves ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Using illegal or unethical means to achieve ends that are themselves considered moral
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Which of the following factors may lead to corruption from the institutional viewpoint?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Low public visibility and secrecy
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A report by Kiker (2015) found that Maryland deployed a SWAT team an average of four and a half times every day in 2014 and more than ______% of those were for the purpose of executing a search warrant.
Answer
Correct Answer:
93
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The most widely adopted police code of ethics is that formulated by the ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
International Association of Chiefs of Police
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Which of the following is not one of the issues that commentators agree have shaped ethics in policing over the years?
Answer
Correct Answer:
The media
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In an ethnographic study of police culture in the north of England, Loftus (2010) found that ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Police officers still perceived themselves as crime fighters
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Immorality, violence, lying, teamwork, secrecy, loyalty, and being treated with respect are all elements of what commentators refer to as ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Institutional culture
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Jerome Skolnick (1966) noted the inherent tension between enforcing the law and respecting rights. He suggested that the best solution to this dilemma was for police to give priority to their ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Duty to uphold the law
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An officer who sees their role as akin to that of ambulance operators and firefighters is a(n) ______.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Emergency operator
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During what decade did policing begin to narrow their functions to focus on crime control?
Answer
Correct Answer:
1930s
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