_____ is known as forward-looking justifications of punishment that focus on the future criminal behavior of both the person being punished and other members of society. The goal is to prevent future crime through deterrence, incapacitation, or rehabilitation.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Utilitarian justifications for punishment
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_____ is defined as penalty or “tax” imposed on defendants who do not plead guilty but who insist on a jury trial. Notion that defendants who go to trial will get harsher sentences than those who plead guilty.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Trial penalty/jury tax
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_____ is use of punishment to dissuade offenders from reoffending. An offender who has been legally punished ceases offending because of a fear of future punishment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Specific deterrence
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Is sentencing guidelines structured sentencing system implemented by the federal government and some states. Typically, sentence ranges are determined by the intersection of a crime seriousness score and the defendant’s criminal history score, and judges cannot depart from the guidelines without providing reasons for doing so?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as punishment philosophy that holds that offenders who are dangerous and likely to commit additional crimes should be incapacitated through a jail or prison sentence. Involves predicting that an individual offender, or offenders with certain characteristics, will commit additional crimes if not locked up.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Selective incapacitation
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_____ is defined as backward-looking justification of punishment that holds that an offender is punished because he or she has done something wrong—something blameworthy—and therefore deserves to be punished.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retributive justifications for punishment
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_____ is a utilitarian justification of punishment that involves preventing crime by reforming, or treating, offenders. The techniques used to reform or rehabilitate offenders include such things as individual or group counseling, education, job training, substance abuse treatment, and behavior modification programs.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Rehabilitation
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Is probation a sanction involving community supervision of an offender by a probation officer. May also include other conditions, such as substance abuse treatment or drug testing?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as the minimum jail or prison sentence that must be imposed on an offender convicted of a particular type of crime; especially common for drug offenses and for offenses involving use of a weapon.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Mandatory minimum sentence
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_____ is defined as a sanction that is more severe than probation but less severe than a prison sentence. Examples include intensive supervision probation, boot camps, house arrest and electronic monitoring, community service, and monetary fines.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Intermediate sanction
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_____ is sentencing system in which the legislature specifies a minimum and maximum sentence for each offense or class of offenses. The judge imposes either a minimum and a maximum term of years or the maximum term only. The parole board decides when the offender will be released from prison.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Indeterminate sentence
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Is incapacitation a utilitarian justification of punishment that involves locking up—or otherwise physically disabling—dangerous or high-risk offenders to prevent them from committing crimes in the future?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as type of punishment in which offenders are ordered to remain at home for a designated period of time. They are allowed to leave only at specified times and for specific purposes—to obtain food or medical services, to meet with a probation officer, and, sometimes, to go to school or work.
Answer
Correct Answer:
House arrest
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_____ is defined as statutes that allow the death penalty to be imposed only if the crime involves at least one statutorily defined aggravating circumstance.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Guided discretion statutes
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_____ is use of punishment to dissuade prospective offenders. Potential offenders learn of the consequences of criminal involvement (for actual offenders) and decide not to risk subjecting themselves to such punishment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
General deterrence
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Is electronic monitoring type of punishment that is often used in conjunction with house arrest, designed to ensure that offenders are at home when they are supposed to be. The offender is fitted with a wrist or ankle bracelet that is worn 24 hours a day. The bracelet emits a constant radio signal to a home monitoring unit, which is attached to the offender’s home phone. The monitoring unit informs the monitoring center when the offender enters and leaves his or her home; it also sends a message if the offender tampers with or attempts to remove the bracelet?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is utilitarian justification of punishment in which punishment is seen as a means of preventing the offender from reoffending or discouraging others from following his or her example. Deterrence theorists suggest that potential offenders will refrain from committing a crime if they believe that the odds of getting caught and being severely punished are high and are not outweighed by any anticipated gain from the crime.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Deterrence
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Is determinate sentence sentencing system in which the legislature provides a presumptive range of confinement for each offense or class of offenses. The judge imposes a fixed term of years within this range. The offender serves this sentence, minus time off for good behavior?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is known as a type of fine originating in Europe and Latin America. The fine that the offender is ordered to pay is calibrated both to the seriousness of the offense and to the offender’s ability to pay.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Day fine
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_____ is defined as a type of alternative punishment or intermediate sanction in which offenders are ordered to perform a certain number of hours of unpaid work at schools, hospitals, parks, and other public and private nonprofit agencies.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Community service
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_____ is punishment philosophy that holds that all offenders found guilty of a particular type of crime, without regard to their prior record or other personal characteristics, are dangerous and therefore should be incapacitated through a jail or prison sentence.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Collective incapacitation
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Is boot camp program that targets young, nonviolent felony offenders who do not have extensive prior criminal records. Modeled on the military boot camp, the correctional boot camp emphasizes strict discipline, military drill and ceremony, and hard labor and physical training. Most also provide substance abuse counseling and educational and vocational training. Offenders selected for these programs live in barracks-style housing, address the guards by military titles, and are required to stand at attention and obey all orders?
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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_____ is defined as process of reviewing final judgments of lower courts on questions of law, with the goal of determining whether proper procedures were followed.
Answer
Correct Answer:
Appellate review
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What 1976 Supreme Court case ended the moratorium on the death penalty?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Gregg v. Georgia
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Which concept asserts that offenders convicted of certain serious types of crimes should be locked up to protect society from them?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Collective incapacitation
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Which of the justifications for punishment addresses harm to the victim and the community?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Restorative justice
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Which of the justifications for punishment asserts that offenders who are blameworthy should be punished?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Retributive
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Which of the following is not considered a suspect classification?
Answer
Correct Answer:
Age
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Defendants who are held in jail before trial tend to receive harsher sentences.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Evidence supports the existence of a trial penalty/jury tax.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Victim characteristics appear to become especially relevant in sexual assault cases.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Women are sentenced less harshly than men.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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The primary factors determining an offender’s sentence are the seriousness of the offense and the offender’s criminal record.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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In most jurisdictions, judges are given almost unlimited discretion when sentencing offenders for most offenses.
Answer
Correct Answer:
False
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Every state has some minimum mandatory sentence for certain crimes.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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All offenders who are tried in U.S. district courts and who receive a prison sentence are incarcerated in a federal prison.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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A majority of states that allow for the death penalty provide an automatic review of a death sentence by the state’s highest court.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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Collective incapacitation falls into the utilitarian classification of punishment.
Answer
Correct Answer:
True
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