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Observational Research Methods MCQ

Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably _______.

Young children

Older children

Adults

Very old adults

Answer

Correct Answer: Adults

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A spurious relationship is one in which the relationship between the exposure variable and outcome variable is due to a confounding variable.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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An ecological fallacy is the assumption that the relationship which exists for groups are assumed to also be true for individuals.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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A ______ research design is used when a researcher is determining simultaneously the exposure and outcome for everyone in the study.

Cross-correlated

Cross-relational

Cross-referenced

Cross-sectional

Answer

Correct Answer: Cross-sectional

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How is association typically measured in an ecological study?

Prevalence

Relative risk

Correlational analysis

Odds ratio

Answer

Correct Answer: Correlational analysis

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A(n) ______ research design is used when researchers initially suspect there is an association between exposure and outcome.

Mixed-methods

Ecological

Retrospective

Prospective

Answer

Correct Answer: Ecological

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Researchers using a(n) ______ research design start by first identifying the outcome and then looking backward in time to see if they can find the determinant or risk factor that contributed to the outcome.

Retrospective

Mixed-methods

Prospective

Ecological

Answer

Correct Answer: Retrospective

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Researchers using a(n) ______ research design start by first identifying the determinant or risk factor and then follow the participants over time until they develop the outcome.

Retrospective

Mixed-methods

Prospective

Ecological

Answer

Correct Answer: Prospective

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An incidence rate is the number of new cases arising in a given period in a specified population and is usually expressed as number of cases per ______.

100

1,000

10,000

Answer

Correct Answer: 1,000

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An observational cohort research design is appropriate when the outcome is not too ______.

Rare

Dependent

Controversial

Complicated

Answer

Correct Answer: Rare

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A cohort research design can be used to assess ______.

Consistency

Causality

Risk

Problems

Answer

Correct Answer: Causality

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