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Educational Statistics MCQ

Reinforcement is the _______ in a relationship

Exercise

Reward

Imagination

Bond

Answer

Correct Answer: Reward

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An attribute is also referred to as a ________.

Form

Record

Field

Query

Bot

Answer

Correct Answer: Field

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By converting a distribution of observations into z-scores a new distribution is created that has a mean of __and a standard deviation of _.

0, 1

0, 0

1, 0

1,1

Answer

Correct Answer: 0, 1

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Yate's continuity correction is an adjustment made to the ________ test when the contingency table is 2 rows by 2 columns

Pi-square

Chi-square

Normal square

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Chi-square

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Y-axis is the ________ axis of a graph

Horizontal

Vertical

Normal

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Vertical

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X-axis is also known as ordinate

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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Another name for a 'repeated-measures design'

Inter-subject design

Intra-subject design

Out of subject design

Within-subject design

Answer

Correct Answer: Within-subject design

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Winsorizing is a method for reducing the impact of

Extreme scores

Outliers

Mean scores

A & B

Answer

Correct Answer: A & B

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A version of the ________ designed to be accurate when the assumption of homogeneity of variance has been violated.

Mean ratio

F-ration

Observation ratio

Standard deviation ratio

Answer

Correct Answer: F-ration

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Weight is a number by which something (usually a variable in statistics) is

Multiplied

Divided

Substracted

Added

Answer

Correct Answer: Multiplied

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The VIF indicates whether a predictor has a _____________ with the other predictor(s).

Non-linear relationship

Rational relationship

Irrational relationship

Strong linear relationship

Answer

Correct Answer: Strong linear relationship

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Variance is an estimate of _________ of a set of scores.

Standard deviation

Constancy

Average variability

Mode

Answer

Correct Answer: Average variability

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Variables

Can not be measured

Remain constant

Have Same value

None of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: None of the above

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Validity is evidence that a study allows correct inferences about the question it was aimed to answer

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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Upper quartile is the value that cuts off the highest _____ of ordered scores.

25%

50%

75%

100%

Answer

Correct Answer: 25%

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Unsystematic variation is variation that is due to the effect in which we are interested

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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For A & B union is the probability of

A or B occurring

A & B both

A only

B only

Answer

Correct Answer: A or B occurring

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Unbiased estimator is a statistic from a sample that ________ the corresponding population parameter.

Deviates from

Relates

Equals

None of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Equals

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Type ____ error occurs when we believe that there is no effect in the population when, in reality, there is

III

Answer

Correct Answer: II

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Type ____ error occurs when we believe that there is a genuine effect in our population, when in fact there isn't

III

Answer

Correct Answer: I

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Two-way design is an experimental design incorporating

Two categorical predictors

Two independent variables

Two dependent variables

A or B

Answer

Correct Answer: A or B

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Two-tailed test is a test of a ____________ hypothesis

Non-directional

Directional

Unidirectional

Bidirectional

Answer

Correct Answer: Non-directional

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Trimmed mean produces accurate results even only the distribution is symmetrical.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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Trimmed data is a data after a certain percentage of the distribution has been removed at the

Mean

Extremes

Both

None

Answer

Correct Answer: Extremes

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In probability theory, a trial is a repetition of an experiment

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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To correct some distributional abnormality such as skew or kurtosis, or converting to a z-score are included in

Trial

Transformation

Theory

Tolerance

Answer

Correct Answer: Transformation

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Total sum of squares is a measure of the total_________ within a set of observations

Selection

Extremes

Deviation

Variability

Answer

Correct Answer: Variability

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Tolerance is the _______ of the variance inflation factor

Part

Division

Reciprocal

None of these

Answer

Correct Answer: Reciprocal

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An experimental design incorporating three categorical predictors (or independent variables) is known as

One-way design

Two-way design

Three-way design

Four-way design

Answer

Correct Answer: Three-way design

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New hypothesis can be generated from a theory

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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A statistic for which we know how frequently different values occur is known as

Test statistic

Tertium quid

Systematic variation

Standardized distribution

Answer

Correct Answer: Test statistic

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Test-retest reliability is the ability of a measure to produce ________ results when the same entities are tested at two different points in time

Variable

Consistent

Standard

Deviated

Answer

Correct Answer: Consistent

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Tertium quid is often called

First-variable problem

Second-variable problem

Third-variable problem

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Third-variable problem

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A family of probability distributions describing samples taken from a population that is normally distributed is known as

T-distribution

P-distribution

L-distribution

E-distribution

Answer

Correct Answer: T-distribution

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Systematic variation is a variation due to some genuine effect

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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SS is the sum of

Standard deviation

Deviation

Squared deviances

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Squared deviances

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Sum of squared errors is opposite to sum of squares

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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Statistic is usually computed from the

Population

Sample

Both

None

Answer

Correct Answer: Sample

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Standardized distributions are usually used to make comparable distributions incomparable.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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Standardization is the process of converting a ________ into a standard unit of measurement.

Variable

Constant

Law

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Variable

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Standard normal distribution has a mean of

Answer

Correct Answer: 0

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Standard error of the mean is standard error associated with the mean

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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Standard error of differences is a measure of the variability of differences between sample means.

Frequency

Means

Extremes

Any of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Means

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Standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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Standard deviation is the ______ of variance

Square

Mean

Square root

Fraction

Answer

Correct Answer: Square root

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Sphericity is the assumption that the variances of the differences between scores from the same entity across different treatments are

Different

Variable

Unequal

Equal

Answer

Correct Answer: Equal

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Spearman's rho is a standardized measure of the strength of relationship between ________ that does not rely on the assumptions of the linear model.

A variable and a constant

Two constants

Two variables

Two means

Answer

Correct Answer: Two variables

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Symmetrical distributions have a skew of

Answer

Correct Answer: 0

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Simple regression model takes the form in which Y is

Predictor

Outcome variable

Regression coefficient

None of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Outcome variable

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Simple effect analysis looks at the effect of one independent variable (categorical predictor variable) at individual levels of

Another independent variable

A dependent variable

Both

None

Answer

Correct Answer: Another independent variable

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Shapiro-Wilk test is a test of whether a distribution of scores is significantly different from a normal distribution

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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A score is collection of measurements or observations of many instances of a variable

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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A graph that plots values of one variable against the corresponding value of another variable is known as

Scatterplot

Bar chart

Histogram

Pie chart

Answer

Correct Answer: Scatterplot

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Sampling without replacement is when a sample is constructed from a population or sample space such that after an entity is selected to be in the sample, it is taken out of the

Population

Sample space

None

A or B

Answer

Correct Answer: A or B

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When a sample is constructed from a population or sample space such that after an entity is selected to be in the sample, it is put back into the population or sample space. It is known as

Sampling with replacement

Sampling without replacement

Both

None

Answer

Correct Answer: Sampling without replacement

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Sampling variation includes ______ variation

Mean

Median

T, F

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: All of the above

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The difference between the value of a population parameter, and the value estimated from the sample is known as

Sampling error

Sampling variation

Score

Sample space

Answer

Correct Answer: Sampling error

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__________ is the probability distribution of a statistic.

Sampling error

Sampling variation

Score

Sample space

Answer

Correct Answer: Sampling variation

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In empirical probability theory, the sample space is the set of observed outcomes of several trials of an experiment.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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The mean of a sample of scores is known as

Sample mean

Reverse scoring

Reverse phrasing

Robust estimation

Answer

Correct Answer: Sample mean

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A sample is a ________ collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population

Smaller

Representative

Both A & B

Large

Answer

Correct Answer: Both A & B

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Robust estimation is a term applied to procedures to estimate statistics or the standard errors and confidence intervals of statistics that are not unduly biased by the shape of the

Probability distribution

Outliers

Extreme scores

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: All of the above

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Reverse scoring is done by subtracting the score on a reverse-phrased item from the maximum score for that item plus the minimum score.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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Reverse phrasing are normally questions on a survey are phrased so that a ______ response represents more of the construct being measured

Small

Brief

Large

Any of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Large

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Response bias is a general term for participants giving responses that reflect their true beliefs

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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The difference between the value a model predicts and the value observed in the data on which the model is based is known as

Score

Robust estimation

Residual

Raw score

Answer

Correct Answer: Residual

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An experimental design in which different treatment conditions utilize the same entities and so the resulting data are related; is known as

Repeated-measures design

Related design

Within-subject design

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: All of the above

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Reliability is the ability of a measure to produce consistent results when the ________ entities are measured under different conditions

Different

Same

Both

None

Answer

Correct Answer: Same

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Relative frequency is the frequency of a__________ expressed relative to the total number of observations

Score

Range of scores

Related design is another name for a repeated-measures design

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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Regression line is a line on a _______ representing the regression model of the relationship between the two variables plotted

Histogram

Barchart

Pie chart

Scatterplot

Answer

Correct Answer: Scatterplot

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Raw score is a score

Expressed in its original units of measurement

Has not undergone a transformation

Unmodified

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: All of the above

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In ratio scale zero is a

Meaningful value

Meaningless value

Can be both

None

Answer

Correct Answer: Meaningful value

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In raw score ranking the the lowest score is assigned a rank

100

Answer

Correct Answer: 1

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________ a measure of the dispersion of a set of scores

Standard deviation

Ranking

Range

Frequency

Answer

Correct Answer: Range

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If the entities in a population or sample space have an equal chance of being selected then a sample resulting from this selection process is a

Random sample

Nonrandom sample

Cluster sample

Systematic sample

Answer

Correct Answer: Random sample

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Quasi-experimental design is a research design in which the experimenter has ______ over either the allocation of participants to conditions, or the timing of the experimental manipulations

Complete control

Partial control

Significant control

No control

Answer

Correct Answer: No control

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Quartile is a generic term for the_______ values that cut an ordered data set into four equal parts.

Four

Three

Five

Two

Answer

Correct Answer: Three

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Qualitative method refers to Inferring evidence for a theory through measurement of variables that produce numeric outcomes.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: False

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Quantiles include

Quartiles

Percentiles

Noniles

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: All of the above

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Qualitative methods refer to extrapolating evidence for a theory from what people say or write.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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Proportion is the frequency of a particular__________ relative to the total number of scores.

Score

Programmable matter is matter that can change from one ________ form to another

Graphical

Theoretical

Physical

Chemical

Answer

Correct Answer: Physical

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For categorical variables probability distribution is simply a formula yielding the probability with which each category occurs.

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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The function that describes the probability of a ________ variable taking a certain value.

Dependent

Intervening

Random

Control

Answer

Correct Answer: Random

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The_______ of an event is the number of times the event occurs divided by the total number of possible events (i.e., the sample space)

Density

Probability

Deviation

Frequency

Answer

Correct Answer: Probability

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When using Bayes' theorem to test a hypothesis, the prior probability is our belief in a hypothesis or model ________ considering the data

Before

During

After

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Before

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In Bayesian hypothesis testing, the prior odds are the probability of the hypothesis divided by the probability of the hypothesis

Null, alternative

Alternative, null

Alternative, alternative

None of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Alternative, null

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A variable that is used to try to predict values of another variable ,known as an outcome variable, is called

Intervening variable

Qualitative variable

Quantitative variable

Predictor variable

Answer

Correct Answer: Predictor variable

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Predictive validity is a form of criterion validity where there is evidence that________ from an instrument predict external measures

Variables

Constants

Scores

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Scores

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Predicted value is the value of an outcome variable based on specific values of the ________ or variables being placed into a statistical model

Intervening variable

Qualitative variable

Quantitative variable

Predictor variable

Answer

Correct Answer: Predictor variable

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In statistics, precision has a definition of 1/ variance

True

False

Answer

Correct Answer: True

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Practice effect refers to the possibility that participants' performance in a task may be influence___________ if they repeat the task because of familiarity with the experimental situation and/or the measures being used

Positively

Negatively

Both

None

Answer

Correct Answer: Both

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The ability of a test to detect an effect of a particular size is known as

Precision

Validity

Power

Skew

Answer

Correct Answer: Power

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A set of comparisons between group means that were not thought of before data were collected is known as

Post hoc tests

Hoc tests

Pre hoc tests

Platykurtic

Answer

Correct Answer: Post hoc tests

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Posterior probability is the ________ conditional probability of the likelihood.

Direct

Inverse

Non

All of the above

Answer

Correct Answer: Inverse

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The ratio of posterior probability for one hypothesis to another is known as

Posterior odds

Inferior odds

Superior odds

Subjective odds

Answer

Correct Answer: Posterior odds

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Platykurtic is a distribution with _______ kurtosis

Negative

Positive

Neutral

Answer

Correct Answer: Negative

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Planned contrasts are a set of comparisons between group means that are constructed ______ any data is collected.

After

Before

Any of the above

None

Answer

Correct Answer: Before

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Two predictors that are perfectly correlated they have a correlation coefficient of

Answer

Correct Answer: 1

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Educational Statistics MCQ

Reinforcement is the _______ in a relationship

An attribute is also referred to as a ________.

By converting a distribution of observations into z-scores a new distribution is created that has a mean of ______and a standard deviation of _____.

Yate's continuity correction is an adjustment made to the ________ test when the contingency table is 2 rows by 2 columns

Y-axis is the ________ axis of a graph

X-axis is also known as ordinate

Another name for a 'repeated-measures design'

Winsorizing is a method for reducing the impact of

A version of the ________ designed to be accurate when the assumption of homogeneity of variance has been violated.

Weight is a number by which something (usually a variable in statistics) is

The VIF indicates whether a predictor has a _____________ with the other predictor(s).

Variance is an estimate of _________ of a set of scores.

Variables

Validity is evidence that a study allows correct inferences about the question it was aimed to answer

Upper quartile is the value that cuts off the highest _____ of ordered scores.

Unsystematic variation is variation that is due to the effect in which we are interested

For A & B union is the probability of

Unbiased estimator is a statistic from a sample that ________ the corresponding population parameter.

Type ____ error occurs when we believe that there is no effect in the population when, in reality, there is

Type ____ error occurs when we believe that there is a genuine effect in our population, when in fact there isn't

Two-way design is an experimental design incorporating

Two-tailed test is a test of a ____________ hypothesis

Trimmed mean produces accurate results even only the distribution is symmetrical.

Trimmed data is a data after a certain percentage of the distribution has been removed at the

In probability theory, a trial is a repetition of an experiment

To correct some distributional abnormality such as skew or kurtosis, or converting to a z-score are included in

Total sum of squares is a measure of the total_________ within a set of observations

Tolerance is the _______ of the variance inflation factor

An experimental design incorporating three categorical predictors (or independent variables) is known as

New hypothesis can be generated from a theory

A statistic for which we know how frequently different values occur is known as

Test-retest reliability is the ability of a measure to produce ________ results when the same entities are tested at two different points in time

Tertium quid is often called

A family of probability distributions describing samples taken from a population that is normally distributed is known as

Systematic variation is a variation due to some genuine effect

SS is the sum of

Sum of squared errors is opposite to sum of squares

Statistic is usually computed from the

Standardized distributions are usually used to make comparable distributions incomparable.

Standardization is the process of converting a ________ into a standard unit of measurement.

Standard normal distribution has a mean of

Standard error of the mean is standard error associated with the mean

Standard error of differences is a measure of the variability of differences between sample means.

Standard error is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic.

Standard deviation is the ______ of variance

Sphericity is the assumption that the variances of the differences between scores from the same entity across different treatments are

Spearman's rho is a standardized measure of the strength of relationship between ________ that does not rely on the assumptions of the linear model.

Symmetrical distributions have a skew of

Simple regression model takes the form in which Y is

Simple effect analysis looks at the effect of one independent variable (categorical predictor variable) at individual levels of

Shapiro-Wilk test is a test of whether a distribution of scores is significantly different from a normal distribution

A score is collection of measurements or observations of many instances of a variable

A graph that plots values of one variable against the corresponding value of another variable is known as

Sampling without replacement is when a sample is constructed from a population or sample space such that after an entity is selected to be in the sample, it is taken out of the

When a sample is constructed from a population or sample space such that after an entity is selected to be in the sample, it is put back into the population or sample space. It is known as

Sampling variation includes ______ variation

The difference between the value of a population parameter, and the value estimated from the sample is known as

__________ is the probability distribution of a statistic.

In empirical probability theory, the sample space is the set of observed outcomes of several trials of an experiment.

The mean of a sample of scores is known as

A sample is a ________ collection of units from a population used to determine truths about that population

Robust estimation is a term applied to procedures to estimate statistics or the standard errors and confidence intervals of statistics that are not unduly biased by the shape of the

Reverse scoring is done by subtracting the score on a reverse-phrased item from the maximum score for that item plus the minimum score.

Reverse phrasing are normally questions on a survey are phrased so that a ______ response represents more of the construct being measured

Response bias is a general term for participants giving responses that reflect their true beliefs

The difference between the value a model predicts and the value observed in the data on which the model is based is known as

An experimental design in which different treatment conditions utilize the same entities and so the resulting data are related; is known as

Reliability is the ability of a measure to produce consistent results when the ________ entities are measured under different conditions

Relative frequency is the frequency of a__________ expressed relative to the total number of observations

Related design is another name for a repeated-measures design

Regression line is a line on a _______ representing the regression model of the relationship between the two variables plotted

Raw score is a score

In ratio scale zero is a

In raw score ranking the the lowest score is assigned a rank

________ a measure of the dispersion of a set of scores

If the entities in a population or sample space have an equal chance of being selected then a sample resulting from this selection process is a

Quasi-experimental design is a research design in which the experimenter has ______ over either the allocation of participants to conditions, or the timing of the experimental manipulations

Quartile is a generic term for the_______ values that cut an ordered data set into four equal parts.

Qualitative method refers to Inferring evidence for a theory through measurement of variables that produce numeric outcomes.

By converting a distribution of observations into z-scores a new distribution is created that has a mean of __and a standard deviation of _.

In Bayesian hypothesis testing, the prior odds are the probability of the hypothesis divided by the probability of the hypothesis