A manufactured controversy that is motivated by profit or extreme ideology to intentionally create confusion in the public about an issue of scientific fact that is not in dispute by the scientific community. Used to stop debate at the conjectural le

Beginning repeated at ending

After this - therefore on account of this

When more than one vehicle is used for the same tenor - and those vehicles appear in close proximity to each other

Is a variation of the non sequiter; it is when the irrelevant reason is meant to divert the attention of the audience from the real issue

An argument that follows proper logical form

Accepting a token gesture for something more substantive

Arguing that the conclusion of an argument must be untrue because there is a fallacy in the reasoning. (Just because the premises may not be true - does not mean that the conclusion has to be false)

Use of a word or phrase that could have several meanings

The proposition or conclusion that the arguer is advancing

Part of the blame stock issue - the acceptance or obedience to the policy or law makes it ineffective