Hypotheses, Concepts, Variables in Political Science MCQ
Political scientists use concepts to describe human behavior or attributes. The terms that define concepts in part are accurate, informative, and precise.
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True
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Which of the following hypotheses predicts a positive relationship?
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Greater numbers of troops in an army cause greater expenditures on logistics.
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Which of the following was identified as a characteristic of a good hypothesis?
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It is stated as a generality.
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When we assert that variation in variable X causes variation in variable Y, we are stating that the covariation between X and Y is spurious.
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False
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An intervening variable ______.
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Occurs closer in time to the dependent variable and is itself affected by other independent variables
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A variable that occurs prior to all other variables and that may affect other independent variables is called a(n) antecedent variable.
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True
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Constants are concepts that do not change. They play an important part in political science relationships.
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False
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A concept that does not have any variation across observations is called a ______.
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Constant
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A(n) independent variable is thought to be caused, to depend upon, or to be a function of a(n) dependent variable.
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False
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A(n) ______ variable is thought to influence, affect, or cause some other phenomenon.
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Independent
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Validity refers to the degree of correspondence between the measure and the concept it is thought to measure.
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True
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The type of actor (individual, group, institution, nation) specified in a ______ is called unit of analysis
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Researcher’s hypothesis
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______ method Involves applying the same measure to the same observations at two periods in time, then comparing the results to test for measurement reliability.
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Test retest method
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A hypothesis in which the independent and dependent variables are identical, making it impossible to disconfirm is called tautology
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True
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Split half method is a method of testing reliability by applying ____ measures of the same concept at the same time. The results of the two measures are then compared .
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Two
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The consistency of results from a procedure or measure in repeated tests or trials is called reliability
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True
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Ratio level measurement is a type of measurement which involves the full mathematical properties of numbers and contains the most possible information about a measured concept.
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True
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An error in measurement that has no systematic direction or cause is called
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Random measurement error
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______ is an interval- or ratio-level measure. A measure with numerical properties.
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Quantitative measure
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The extent to which measurements are complete and informative is known as
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Precision
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A relationship in which the values of one variable increase (or decrease) as the values of another variable increase (or decrease) is known as
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Positive relationship
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______ indicates that the values assigned to a variable can be compared in terms of having more or less of a particular attribute
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Ordinal level measure
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The process of assigning numerals or scores to a variable to represent the values of a concept is known as operationalization
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True
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Non-operational definitions are the rules by which a concept is measured and scores assigned.
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False
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Nominal level measure indicates that the values assigned to a variable represent only different categories or classifications for that variable
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True
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A relationship in which high values of one variable are associated with low values of another variable or in which low values of one variable are associated with high values of another variable is called
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Negative relationship
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A type of measurement error that results in systematically over- or under measuring the value of a concept is known as
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Measurement bias
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Level of measurement refers to the type of information that we think our measurements contain and the ______ properties they possess. Determines the type of comparisons that can be made across a number of observations on the same variable
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Mathematical
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A variable coming between an independent variable and a dependent variable in an explanatory scheme is called
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Intervening variable
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Interval level measures includes the properties of the nominal level (characteristics are different) and the ordinal level (characteristics can be put in a meaningful order). But unlike nominal and ordinal measures.
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True
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The phenomenon thought to influence, affect, or cause some other phenomenon is called
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Dependent variable
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______ is a tentative or provisional or unconfirmed statement that can (in principle) be verified.
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Hypothesis
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When a measure appears to accurately measure the concept it is supposed to measure. Face validity may only be asserted, rather than empirically demonstrated, because face validity is essentially a _______ is called face validity
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Matter of judgment
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Ecological inference is the process of inferring a relationship between characteristics of individuals based on group or aggregate data.
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True
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Discriminant construct validity is fallacy of deducing a false relationship between the attributes or behavior of individuals based on observing that relationship for groups to which the individuals belong
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True
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Discriminant construct validity is a method of demonstrating validity by comparing two measures that theoretically are expected not to be related. If the measures do not correlate with one another, then discriminant construct validity is demonstrated.
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True
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A hypothesis that specifies the expected relationship between two or more variables is called
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Directional hypothesis
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Dichotomous variable with only _____ categories—these variables are special cases as they can be used at the nominal, ordinal, or even ratio level.
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Two
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The phenomenon thought to be influenced, affected, or caused by some other phenomenon is called
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Dependent variable
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The use of data at one level of aggregation to make inferences at another level of aggregation is called cross level analysis
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True
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When a measure of a concept is related to a measure of another concept with which the original concept is thought to be associated is known as
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Convergent construct
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______ validity involves determining the full domain or meaning of a particular concept and then making sure that all components of the meaning are included in the measure
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Content
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______ validity demonstrated for a measure by showing that it is related to the measure of another concept
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Construct
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A concept or variable whose values do not vary is called
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Constant
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A _____ measured using categories. A nominal- or ordinal-level measure is known as categorical measure
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Variable
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______ diagram is a pictorial representation of a researcher’s explanatory scheme
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Arrow diagram
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An independent variable that precedes other independent variables in time is known as
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Antecedent variable
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A method of testing measurement reliability. Measures the same concept more than once, but it uses two different measures of the same concept rather than the same measure. These measures are then compared. If they yield similar results, the measures are considered reliable is called non- alternative-form method
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False
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