Criminal Justice and Criminology (Statistics) Quiz # 12

Is independent samples pairs of samples in which the selection of people or objects into one sample in no way affected, or was affected by, the selection of people or objects into the other sample?

False

True

_____ is a research strategy where a second sample is created on the basis of each case’s simi- larity to a case in an existing sample.

Matched-pairs design

Continuous

None of these

Dichotomized

_____ is defined as hypothesis tests in which the entire alpha is placed in either the upper (positive) or lower (negative) tail such that there is only one critical value of the test statistic. Also called directional tests.

Before hypothesis testing

Prior to/after an intervention

One-tailed tests

None of these

_____ is known as the type of t test appropriate when the samples are independent and the population variances are equal.

ANOVA

Pooled variances

Chi-square

None of these

Is repeated-measures design a research strategy used to measure the effectiveness of an intervention by comparing two sets of scores (pre and post) from the same sample?

True

False

_____ is the type of t test appropriate when the samples are independent and the population variances are unequal.

Separate variances

None of these

Multivariate regression

ANOVA

_____ is defined as the test used with a two-class, categorical independent variable and a continuous dependent variable.

None of these

t test

T distribution

0.00–100.00

_____ is known as the analytic technique appropriate when an independent variable is categorical with three or more classes and a dependent variable is continuous.

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Standard deviation

All of these

Proportion

Is between-group variance the extent to which groups or classes in a sample are similar to or different from one another. This is a measure of true group effect, or a relationship between the independent and dependent variables?

True

False

_____ is a widely used and relatively conservative post hoc test used in ANOVA when the null is rejected as a means of determining the number and location of differences between groups.

All of these

Transforming the data into z-scores

Selecting the desired intervals

Bonferroni

_____ is defined as the sampling distribution for ANOVA. The distribution is bounded at zero on the left and extends to positive infinity; all values in the F distribution are positive.

None of these

F distribution

To figure out which type of statistic to use

To calculate a chi-square statistic

_____ is known as the statistic used in ANOVA; a ratio of the amount of between-group variance present in a sample relative to the amount of within-group variance.

They often determine the type of statistical analysis that should be used.

They are an important statistical building block.

All of these

F statistic

Is familywise error the increase in the likelihood of a Type I error (i.e., erroneous rejection of a true null hypothesis) that results from running repeated statistical tests on a single sample?

True

False

_____ is a measure of association used in ANOVA when the null has been rejected in order to assess the magnitude of the relationship between the indepen- dent and dependent variables. This measure shows the proportion of the total variability in the sample that is attributable to between-group differences.

F Statistic

Parametric statistics

All of these

Omega squared

_____ is defined as analyses conducted when the null is rejected in ANOVA in order to determine the number and location of differences between groups.

Should be used when six or more classes of data exist

Post hoc tests

None of these

Does not limit the number of classes a variable can contain

_____ is known as a widely used post hoc test used in ANOVA when the null is rejected as a means of determining the number and location of differences between groups.

The t score

Tukey’s honest significant difference

All of these

The standard error

Is within-group variance the amount of diversity that exists among the people or objects in a single group or class. This is a measure of random fluctuation, or error?

True

False

_____ is a relationship wherein the change in the dependent variable associated with a one-unit increase in the independent variable remains static or constant at all levels of the independent variable.

Linear relationship

There is no correlation between the two variables.

Unit of analysis

All of these

_____ is defined as the bivariate statistical analysis used when both independent and dependent variables are continuous.

0.00–100.00

They have no range.

None of these

Pearson’s correlation

_____ is known as when a one-unit increase in the independent variable produces an increase in the dependent variable.

None of these

STATA

Positive correlation

SPSS

Is r coefficient the test statistic in a correlation analysis?

True

False

_____ is a standardized slope coefficient that ranges from –1.00 to +1.00 and can be interpreted similarly to a correlation so that the magnitude of an independent variable–dependent variable relationship can be assessed.

None of these

The z distribution

The mean

Beta weight

_____ is defined as a regression analysis that uses one independent variable and one dependent variable.

All values in the distribution are distributed normally.

Two-thirds of the scores in the distribution lie one standard deviation above or below the mean.

Bivariate regression

All of these

_____ is known as a dichotomous independent variable.

All of these

A policy analysis

The same as an empirical outcome

Dummy variable

Is intercept the point at which the regression line crosses the y-axis; also the value of y when x = 0?

True

False

_____ is a regression analysis that uses two or more independent variables and one dependent variable.

The alternative hypothesis is true.

All of these

Either can be true depending on the circumstances.

Multiple regression

_____ is defined as a slope coefficient that measures the individual impact of an independent variable on a dependent variable while holding other independent variables constant.

Rise over run

A measure of the change in the DV produced by a one-unit change in the IV

Partial slope coefficient

All of these

_____ is known as a technique for modeling linear relationships between one or more independent variables and one dependent variable wherein each independent variable is evaluated on the basis of its ability to accurately predict the values of the dependent variable.

Regression analysis

None of these

The slope coefficient

The intercept

Is residual the difference between a predicted value and an empirical value on a dependent variable?

True

False

_____ is the steepness of the regression line and a measure of the change in the dependent variable produced by a one-unit increase in an independent variable.

Slope

They are part of Step 2 in hypothesis testing.

They are not part of hypothesis testing.

All of these