Criminal Justice and Criminology (Statistics) Quiz # 11

Is critical value the value of z or t associated with a given alpha level. Symbolized zα or tα?

False

True

_____ is the probability that a confidence interval contains the population parameter. Commonly set at 95% or 99%.

To figure out which type of statistic to use

To calculate a chi-square statistic

Level of confidence

All of these

_____ is defined as a sample statistic, such as a mean or proportion.

95%

Point estimate

99%

All of these

_____ is known as a statistical test in which alpha is split in half and placed into both tails of the z or t distribution.

None of these

Exploratory research

Two-tailed test

Choose a statistical statistic

Is alternative hypothesis in an inferential test, the hypothesis predicting that there is a relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Symbolized H1. Sometimes referred to as a research hypothesis?

False

True

_____ is the process of generalizing from a sample to a population; the use of a sample statistic to estimate a population parameter. Also called hypothesis testing.

Inferential analysis

T test

All of these

Multivariate regression

_____ is defined as in an inferential test, the hypothesis predicting that there is no relationship between the inde- pendent and dependent variables. Symbolized H0.

The samples are normally distributed.

The samples have equal variances.

None of these

Null hypothesis

_____ is known as the erroneous rejection of a true null hypothesis.

Type I error

All of these

To find P values

To find the z score

Is type II error the erroneous retention of a false null hypothesis?

True

False

_____ is the hypothesis-testing procedure appropriate when both the independent variable and the dependent variables are categorical.

Chi-square test of independence

The standard error

All of these

The standard deviation

_____ is defined as a symmetric measure of association for χ² when the variables are nominal or when one is ordinal and the other is nominal. V ranges from 0.00 to 1.00 and indicates the strength of the relationship. Higher values represent stronger relationships. Identical to phi in 2 × 2 tables.

Cell

All of these

T scores

Cramer’s V

_____ is known as the theoretical results that would be seen if the null were true—that is, if the two variables were, in fact, unrelated. Symbolized fe.

Matched pair

Repeated measure designs

Expected frequencies

None of these

Is goodman and Kruskal’s gamma a symmetric measure of association used when both variables are ordinal or one is ordinal and the other is dichotomous. Ranges from –1.00 to +1.00?

False

True

_____ is a symmetric measure of association for two ordinal variables when the number of rows and columns in the crosstabs table are equal. Ranges from –1.00 to +1.00.

Kendall’s taub

Chi-square test of independence

The standard error

All of these

_____ is defined as a symmetric measure of association for two ordinal variables when the number of rows and columns in the crosstabs table are unequal. Ranges from –1.00 to +1.00.

Kendall’s tauc

Frequency scores

T-scores

All of these

_____ is known as an asymmetric measure of association for χ² when the variables are nominal. Lambda ranges from 0.00 to 1.00 and is a proportionate reduction in error measure.

Lambda

A random line drawn anywhere

None of these

A line that comes closer to the data points than any other lines

Is measures of association procedures for determining the strength or magnitude of a relationship after a chi-square test has revealed a statistically significant association between two variables?

True

False

_____ is procedures for determining the strength or magnitude of a relationship after a chi-square test has revealed a statistically significant association between two variables.

None of these

Alpha level

The degrees of freedom

Measures of association

_____ is defined as the class of statistical tests used when dependent variables are categorical and the sampling distribution cannot be assumed to approximate normality.

Create a null hypothesis

All of these

Compute an ANOVA

Nonparametric statistics

_____ is known as the empirical results seen in a contingency table derived from sample data. Symbolized fo.

Inferential statistics

Observed frequencies

Z statistics

None of these

Is obtained value the value of the test statistic arrived at using the mathematical formulas specific to a particular test. The obtained value is the final product of Step 4 of a hypothesis test?

False

True

_____ is in SPSS output, the probability associated with the obtained value of the test statistic. When p < α, the null hypothesis is rejected.

A variable that causes other variables to react a certain way.

None of these

P value

The empirical event a researcher is trying to explain.

_____ is defined as the class of statistical tests used when dependent variables are continuous and normally distributed and the sampling distribution can be assumed to approximate normality.

F Statistic

All of these

Mean

Parametric statistics

_____ is known as a symmetric measure of association for chi-square with nominal variables and a 2 × 2 table. Identical to Cramer’s V.

Phi

The manner in which research is written

How researchers decide what to study

None of these

_____ is defined as an asymmetric measure of association for χ2 when the variables are nominal. Somers’ d ranges from –1.00 to +1.00.

Choose a statistical statistic

All of these

Make a prediction

Somers’ d

_____ is known as the condition in which two variables are related to one another; that is, knowing what class persons/objects fall into on the independent variable helps predict which class they will fall into on the dependent variable.

An interval

A number

Statistical dependence

None of these

Is statistical independence the condition in which two variables are not related to one another; that is, knowing what class persons or objects fall into on the independent variable does not help predict which class they will fall into on the dependent variable?

True

False

_____ is when the obtained value of a test statistic exceeds the critical value and the null is rejected.

Statistical significance

Nonparametric statistics

Compute an ANOVA

None of these

_____ is defined as the sampling or probability distribution for chi-square tests.

The sum of all deviation scores always equals zero.

We often end up with too many numbers.

χ2 distribution

All of these

_____ is known as pairs of samples in which the selection of people or objects into one sample directly affected, or was directly affected by, the selection of people or objects into the other sample. The most common types are matched pairs and repeated measures.

All of these

Studying events in which researchers have limited knowledge

Replication

Dependent samples