The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that _______.
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Something is added
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The _______ _______ reinforcement schedule results in "break and run" patterns if responding.
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Ratiovariable inter
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Robert eisenberger and his colleagues demonstrated that reinforcement can establish learned ______.
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Industriousness
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All of the following are useful tips for shaping behavior except ________.
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Never back up
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Presenting transcranial magnetic stimulation to the area of the sts in humans _____.
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Decreased the person's ability to perceive biological motion
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Adding an 880 hz tone and a 1320 hz tone to a 440 hz tone will result in _____.
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A complex tone
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Teen impulsivity is to late-maturing frontal lobes as old-age bluntness is to frontal lobe _____.
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Atrophy
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Shaping is the reinforcement of successive _______.
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Approximations of a desired behavior
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Secondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers.
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Conditioned
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Fisher and harris found that observers learned more when a model _______.
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Frowned and shook her head
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Our text quotes Lewin in saying that people act upon their ______ of reality.
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Perceptions
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According to our text, the ______ also affects the perception process.
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Context
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When employees believe in themselves, they are more apt ______.
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To take risks
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Which of the following lists the three factors of the triadic reciprocal model of behavior?
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Correct Answer:
Reinforcement, cognitive processes, and behavior
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Select the response that indicates how the process of self-regulation helps individuals achieve goals.
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Correct Answer:
The discrepancy between the current state and the desired state creates tension, which drives us to increase efforts to reduce tension and reach the goal.
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Which of the following describes self-efficacy?
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Correct Answer:
Self-efficacy is our personal belief in our ability to perform certain tasks or behaviors.
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Which of the following describes characteristics of social cognitive theory?
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Correct Answer:
People observe, imitate, and model the behavior of others within their social context
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Which of the following is an example of intermittent reinforcement?
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Correct Answer:
A variable ratio schedule rewards people after the desired behavior has occurred after a varying number of times.
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Which of the following describes negative reinforcement?
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Correct Answer:
The removal of previously experienced negative consequences, resulting in the likelihood that positive behaviors will occur again in the same or similar situations
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What are the four main types of behavioral reinforcement techniques?
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Positive, negative, punishment, and extinction
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What is the work-related benefit of operant conditioning?
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Rewarding employees for a job well done can encourage further positive performance.
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Which of the following describes the operant conditioning form of learning?
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Achieved by forming associations between learning and behavior that occurs when the consequences of behavior are being controlled
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Which of the following describes self-serving bias?
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The inclination to attribute internal factors to the behavior of others more than external factors
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Which of the following describes the fundamental attribution error?
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The inclination to attribute internal factors to the behavior of others more than external factors
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Which of the following describes the three factors that influence internal and external attributions?
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Consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
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Which of the following describes common perceptual distortions?
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Stereotype, halo effect, and recency effect
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People don’t act based upon reality but upon their perceptions of reality. Which of the following lists why it is important to understand how perceptions are shaped?
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Correct Answer:
Because the way we are perceived and the way in which we perceive others are crucial for career progress and for building relationships
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Which of the following lists how perceptions—the process by which we receive and interpret information from our environment—are shaped?
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Past experiences, culture, attitude, values, and upbringing
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A process of learning by watching the actions or behaviors of the same person is known as Vicarious learning
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False
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A Triadic reciprocal model that shows human functioning shaped by three factors that are reciprocally related:______.
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All of these
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Stereotypes are generally fixed beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group.
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False
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Social cognitive theory is a theory that proposes that learning takes place through the ____,_____, and the modeling of others within a social context.
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Correct Answer:
Both a and b
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Self-serving bias is the tendency for generally to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on inner factors.
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Correct Answer:
Self-serving bias
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___ is a process whereby people set goals, creating a discrepancy between the desired state and the current state.
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Self-regulation
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The way a person behaves based on preexisting expectations about another person or situation so as to create an outcome that is aligned with those expectations is known as _____.
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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The belief we have in our ability to succeed in a specific task or situation is known as ?
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Self-efficacy
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The tendency to selectively focus on aspects of situations that are most aligned with our ______.
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All of these
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A ____ theory that states that behavior is a function of its consequences and is determined exclusively by environmental factors such as external stimuli and other reinforcers.
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Reinforcement theory
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A perception problem through which we use the most recent information available to assess a person is known as _____effect ?
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Recency
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A Punishment reinforcement contingency that encourages desirable behavior by administering unpleasant consequences.
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False
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A ________ process through which people ascribe their own personal attributes onto others
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Projecting
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A perception problem through which a general assesses a person quickly on the basis of the first information encountered is known as the primacy effect .
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False
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A Positive reinforcement contingency through which behaviors followed by positive consequences, are more likely to occur again in the different situations.
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False
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The process by which we receive and interpret information from our environment is known as ?
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Perception
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The use of behavioral techniques to reinforce negative work behavior and courage helpful work behavior is known as Organizational behavior modification.
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Fasle
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______conditioning is the process of forming associations between learning and behavior by controlling its consequences.
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Operant
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A ____ reinforcement contingency through which behaviors are followed by the removal of previously experienced negative consequences, resulting in the likelihood that the behavior will occur again in the same or similar situations.
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Negative
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_______is an ongoing process through which individuals adjust their behavior based on experience.
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Learning
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________Reinforcement schedule in which a reward does not occur after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors
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Intermittent
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A _______strategy of winning favor and putting oneself in the good graces of others before making a request.
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Ingratiation
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The process by which we attempt to influence the perceptions others may have of us is known as _____.
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Impression management
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A perception problem through which we form a positive bias of a general based on our overall impressions of that person.
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Correct Answer:
False
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The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the impact of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is known as _____.
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Correct Answer:
Fundamental attribution error
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A Extinction reinforcement contingency in which a behavior is followed by the absence of any consequence, thereby reducing the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated in the different situations
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Correct Answer:
False
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______ is an effect that takes place when people rank something higher or lower than they should as a result of exposure to recent events or situations
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Contrast
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A Continuous________t schedule in which a reward occurs after each instance of a behavior or set of behaviors.
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Reinforcemen
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A Classical conditioning concept developed by Russian physiologist _____that suggests that learning can be accomplished through the use of stimuli.
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Correct Answer:
Ivan Pavlov
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Attribution theory is a theory that holds that people look for _______to explain the behavior of others: internal attributions, which are personal characteristics of others, and external attributions, which are situational factors.
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Correct Answer:
Two causes
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